-
Sharecropping
Union General William T. Sherman had encouraged this expectation in early 1865 by granting a number of freed men 40 acres each of the abandoned land left in the wake of his army. During Reconstruction, however, the conflict over labor resulted in the sharecropping system, in which black families would rent small plots of land in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year. -
13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment to the Constitution declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. -
Black Codes
In the United States, the Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." -
Plessy vs Ferguson
The Court’s “separate but equal” decision in Plessy v. Ferguson on that date upheld state-imposed Jim Crow laws. It became the legal basis for racial segregation in the United States for the next fifty years. -
19th Amendment
Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of agitation and protest. -
20th Amendment
The 20th amendment is a simple amendment that sets the dates at which federal (United States) government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies. -
Civil disobedience
The US Civil Rights Movement (1942-68) restored universal suffrage in the southern United States and outlawed legal segregation. The movement’s overall strategy combined litigation, the use of mass media, boycotts, demonstrations, as well as sit-ins and other forms of civil disobedience to turn public support against institutionalized racism and secure substantive reform in US law. -
Hector P. Garcia
In 1946, García opened a medical practice in Corpus Christi, where he witnessed the struggles of veterans and migrant workers. His work inspired a lifetime commitment to social reform. García became known as the "doctor to the barrios," offering low- and no-cost treatment to impoverished patients. -
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. - beginning in the 1950's -
Lynching
Lynching is an extra-legal trial and punishment by an informal group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob, often by hanging, in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a minority group. This happened throughout the reign of the KKK -
Brown vs The board of Education
The purpose of this case was to put an end to segregation. Having segregation was going against the 14th amendment and it wasnt ethical. Nine votes in favor of Brown. -
Thurgood Marshall
Born on July 2, 1908, in Baltimore, Maryland, Thurgood Marshall studied law at Howard University. On October 2, 1967 he became the first African-American Supreme Court justice. As counsel to the NAACP, he utilized the judiciary to champion equality for African Americans. In 1954, he won the Brown v. Board of Education case, in which the Supreme Court ended racial segregation in public schools. -
Rosa Parks
Worked for the NAACP and also worked closely with Martin Luther King JR in the Montgomery Bus Boycotts. On 1 December 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. -
Nonviolent protest
The 1955-56 Montgomery Bus Boycott, for example, a protest against segregated public facilities in Alabama, was led by Martin Luther King Jr. and lasted for 381 days. -
Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating, took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Enacted September 9, 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress in the United States since the 1866 and 1875 Acts. -
Orville Faubus
Governor of Arkansas. Best known for his stand in the desegregation of Little Rock Highschool, where he ordered Arkansas National Gaurd to stop African American students from entering the school. -
Desegregation
Desegregation happened throughout the whole civil rights movement in schools, resteraunts, etc. In Brown II, the Supreme Court orders the lower federal courts to require desegregation "with all deliberate speed." Between 1955 and 1960, federal judges will hold more than 200 school desegregation hearings -
Sit-ins
Following the Oklahoma City sit-ins, the tactic of non-violent student sit-ins spread. The Greensboro sit-ins at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation. -
George Wallace
Governor of Alabama. Ran for U.S. President 4 times. Pro-segregationist. He is best remembered for his 1960s segregationist politics. -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative action is an outcome of the 1960's Civil Rights Movement, intended to provide equal opportunities for members of minority groups and women in education and employment. In 1961, President Kennedy was the first to use the term "affirmative action" in an Executive Order that directed government contractors to take "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." -
Martin Luther King Jr
Martin Luther King, Jr. was a well-known civil rights leader and activist who had a great deal of influence on American society in the 1950s and 1960s. His strong belief in non-violent protest helped set the tone of the movement. "I Have a Dream" is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States. -
24th Amendment
Not long ago, citizens in some states had to pay a fee to vote in a national election. This fee was called a poll tax. On January 23, 1964, the United States ratified the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. -
Lester Maddox
Governor of Georgia. Former restaurant owner who refused to serve blacks. The restaurant faced several problems, the largest of which was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that made racial segregation illegal. It was Maddox’s open defiance of the Civil Rights Act that thrust him into the national spotlight. In 1964, he refused to serve three black students and chased them out with a gun while his white customers used axe handles. He contended that both his business and property were being threatened. -
Head start
In May 1965, “If it weren’t for education, I’d still be looking at the southern end of a northbound mule.” Johnson’s faith became policy with the creation of Head Start, birthed during the heady, idealistic days of the Great Society’s “War on Poverty.” -
Veterans Act of 1965
- Provided federal-funded college or vocational education for veterans
-
Upward Bound
The national Upward Bound Programs were first created in 1965 through Congressional Legislation as a response to the civil rights movement. -
Cesar chavez
Union leader and labor organizer Cesar Chavez dedicated his life to improving treatment, pay and working conditions for farm workers. In 1962, Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association. In 1966, this organization merged with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee to form United Farm Workers. -
Betty Friedan
Friedan co-founded he National Organization for Women in 1966 to work towards increasing women’s rights -
Federal Housing Act of 1968
The Civil Rights Act signed into law in April 1968–popularly known as the Fair Housing Act–prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex. -
26th Amendment
The 26th Amendment changed a portion of the 14th Amendment. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. -
Title IX (9)
Title IX, a groundbreaking statute intended to end sex discrimination in education, became the law of the land on June 23, 1972. While most famous for its requirement that schools provide girls with equal athletic opportunities, the law applies to all educational programs that receive federal funding, and to all aspects of a school's educational system.
