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Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
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granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. In addition, it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
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the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
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Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks.
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1890's-1960's. state government practices of administering tests to prospective voters purportedly to test their literacy in order to vote. In practice, these tests were intended to disenfranchise African-Americans.
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The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice
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Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of agitation and protest. Beginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change of the Constitution.
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U.S. military the power to ban tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed critical to domestic security.
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The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that petitioner be admitted to the University of Texas Law School
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Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. District Court of Kansas reversed.
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African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating
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Affirmative action is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population.[
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The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
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The poll tax requirements applied to whites as well as blacks, and also adversely affected poor citizens. Many states required payment of the tax at a time separate from the election, and then required voters to bring receipts with them to the polls.
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That outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
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prohibits racial discrimination in voting
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Kennedy offered brief, impassioned remarks for peace that is considered to be one of the great public addresses of the modern era after MLK died
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The Supreme Court ruled for the first time in Reed v. Reed that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited differential treatment based on sex.
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Bakke was ordered admitted to U.C.-Davis Medical School, and the school's practice of reserving 16 seats for minority students was struck down. Judgment of the Supreme Court of California reversed insofar as it forbade the university from taking race into account in admissions.
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designed to guarantee equal rights for women
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A Georgia law classifying homosexual sex as illegal sodomy was valid because there was no constitutionally protected right to engage in homosexual sex. Eleventh Circuit reversed and remanded.
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An act to establish a clear and comprehensive prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability
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A Texas law classifying consensual, adult homosexual intercourse as illegal sodomy violated the privacy and liberty of adults to engage in private intimate conduct under the 14th Amendment. Texas state courts reversed and charges dismissed.
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Hes decision is vacated, and the case remanded for further consideration.
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On October 6, 2014, the United States Supreme Court denied review of the 7th Circuit's ruling in favor of the freedom to marry. The decision means that the 7th Circuit ruling stands and same-sex couples will be free to marry in Indiana.
