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2003 BCE
Lawrence v. Texas
This case was a follow-up to the Browner v. Hardwick case. But the case is in Texas where Lawrence and Garner were arrested and convicted of deviate sexual intercourse in violation of a Texas statute forbidding two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct. The court concludes in which the Court ruled that most sanctions of criminal punishment for consensual, adult non-procreative sexual activity are unconstitutional. -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott filed suit against a Missouri court for his freedom claiming that his residence in free territory made him a free man and lose the case. Scott brought a new suit in federal court. Why did Scott lose the case through his Master when he maintained that no "negro" or descendent of a slave could be a citizen in the sense of Article 3 of the constitution. -
13th Amendment
Neither was the end of the Civil war. President Lincoln have to stop the war to unite all of the states back together and end slavery for good. So he issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring “all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” It did end the war but did create the 13 amendments and Congress did pass it on January 31, 1865. -
14th amendment
The 14th amendment was passed by the Senate in 1866. The 14 Amendment granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United state," Which in include formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with "equal protection under the law." But it didn't last long as it was ratified two years later on July 9, 1868. -
15th amendment
Congress decided to pass the 15 amendments in 1869 which granted African American men the right to vote. It also didn't last long as it was ratified in February 3, 1870. -
Jim Crow Era
African Americans have been through a lot of struggle for freedom. But they're not free yet as they couldn't get any rights like voting rights. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was to first to start the "Separate but equal act" In this case. Plessy was asked to move from the whites-only car, which Plesst refused and got arrested. Plessy wanted to be arrested so he could challenge the Separated cars to act as a violation of the fourteenth amendment. -
Nineteenth amendment
The 19th amendment was approved by the Senate on June 4, 1919, to grant women the right to vote. Then one year later they ratified the 19th amendment in 1920. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education is a case that aimed to end segregation in public schools on the basis of race. This case was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the fourteenth amendment. Brown v. Board of Education happen when Brown was trying to take her daughter to her new school which was closer there their home, but they won't allow it because the school is for while only. So Brown sue the School and fight it until they won the case. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
In 1964, Congress passed a Public law called The Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Right Act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
1965 when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is signed into Law by President Lyndon B, Johnson. He aimed to overcome legal barriers at the states and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their rights to vote with the help of the 15 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. -
Affirmative action
Affirmative action is a set of procedures designed to eliminate unlawful discrimination among applicants. But undertaken with conviction and effort to overcome the present effects of past practices, policies, or barriers to equal employment opportunity and to achieve the full and fair participation of women. -
Reed v. Reed
On 1971. Reed v. Reed is about the Idahos code that "males must be preferred to females" in appointing administrators of estates. This an important case because this is the first time the court applied for the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment which strike down the law. -
Equal Rights amendment
The Equal Rights Amendment was to provide for the legal equality of the sexes and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. It was first proposed by the National Women's political party in 1923. So Congress passed it in 1972 but was quickly ratified. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
In 1978, The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke is held by the Supreme Court in which the University use race as a definite and exclusive basis of admission which violated the Equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. It involved a dispute over preferential treatment. -
Bowers v. Hardwick
The case in which Hardwick challenge the statute's constitutionality in the Federal District Court which he failed but bring it to the supreme court about the Constitution conferring a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in consensual sodomy, thereby invalidating the laws of many states which make such conduct illegal? Hardwick also failed the case. -
Americans with disabilities Act
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed and signed by President George H.W. Bush to prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities in several areas like employment and transportation. -
Motor voter Act
The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA or motor voter act) of 1993 enhanced voting opportunities for every American to vote. This makes it easier for all people in America to register to vote. -
Obergefell v. Hodges
A group of same-sex couples sued their relevant state agencies in four states Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee to challenge the constitutionality of those states' ban on same-sex marriage, or refuels to legalize same-sex marriage. The majesty held that same-sex marriage is ban violates the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment Which Obergefell won the case.