-
It was not an island but a peninsula => much colder in the winter : can't live there
-
-
-
- "First Agricultural Revolution" => Neolithic Revolution
- More sophisticated cultural practices: Stonehenge and Avebury
-
shift to agriculture in Britain
-
- "Beaker culture" => gradually replace the stone
- Movement of tribes to the isles
- Prelude to the colonization by the celts
-
Iron much more cheaper and easily available => tribes = more independent
-
a language, culture different
Romans called them Britains and sometimes called the land "Albian" (white cliff) Europe dominated by 3 tribes: Gaul, Britains, Gaels
Celts = great warriors (incapable uniting)
lived Hillforts (ditches and banks)
The Iceni
The Picts
The Parisi -
=> twice
he promised peace to English people => they have to pay => a hundred years -
Claudius invasion Britain bcs:
-Britain wanted natural resources (metals: gold, tin, iron) and its castle
-glory conquering+Propaganda (Caesar fail)
(no Scotland:pay taxe"client kingdom"+some allied/some fight)divided:Britania superior and inferior Legacy
-British identity
-Calendar
-Architecture:roads, cities(York, manchester)
-Language+culture:latin=language of elite
-Religion:Constantin I=Christian 313=>spread England+Unite
erased latin>Christianism but influence of anglo-saxons -
Her husband, the Iceni King Prasutagas assasinated => she expected to be the new ruler => romans had her flogged and her daughters rapped => wanted to submit her => decided to fight back
burn roman city like London => romans leave wales and come back fight boudicca's army (but better weapons and discipline) => took poison to not be prisoner -
emperor hadrian decided to build a wall btw Britain roman and caledonia (scotland)
-
another wall for the north => so often attacked they abandonned the 2nd wal Partial assimilation > still Celtic culture
Britons > Roman and Celtic heritage
AD 410 > end of Roman influence -
Angles, Saxons and Jutes
Climate warmer: agriculture easier and less float
the witan -
-
Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex
Mercia rise: stability -
the south but not Wessex
-
Alfred the great of Wessex defeated the vikings => treaty with The danes (King Guthrum)
Danelaw
division of England + conversion christianity -
divided england: vikings / english
viking territory = Danelaw (northeast/west and east of england) => subject to danish laws
alfred got all the rest -
after a viking invasion => defeat Edmond ironside
cnut = king of england, Denmark and Norway
after the death of his sons => throne to anglo-saxon (House of Wessex)
Edward the Confessor (half brother of Canute, son of Cnut) -
-
Edward the Confessor became king in 1042 (prosperous and peaceful reign) => Godwin rule the country
William the Conqueror
Harold Godwinson vs Harald (ft Tostig) vs William The Bastard -
after the battle of the stamford bridge => killed Harald and Tostig
exhausted army? Killed Harold => Glorious victory for the normands
William the Conqueror = king
forces England to unite => famine -
william the conqueror => unite the england by force => a lot of death + famine
-
by william the conqueror
-
Robert => inherited Normandy => croisade
William Rufus => the England => death (gay)
Henry => 5,000 pounds but no land => had the 2 lands
arrested Robert
Henry I = King => create fear in the kingdom
Henry I's Daughter Matilda => Geoffrey of Anjou => Henry II
Start of Plantagenet Dynasty -
she inherited a lot of money and territories => many men wanted to marry her
she married the king of France => 2 daughters but not happy (Louis VII = religious) => divorce
2 months later : Married Henry Plantagenet => a lot of territories
become Henry II
Love match : 2 sons
Richard Lionheart and John Lackland -
Richard the Lionheart (his brother) died after coming back from the 3rd croisade
John Lackland = the evil
problem with legitimacy and his nephew => kill -
Most influencial battle in European History
John wanted to retake lost territories in France
John lost this battle against Philipp August (king of France) -
nobles take London
King John Surrounded
accepted the term: The article of the barons
4 days after 19/06/1215 => formal version of the articles of the barons = Magna Carta (comprehensive clauses: new regulations on differents domains)
clause 61: commitee of 25 barons => make sure king respect (no longer free)
63 clauses and 3 remains in british laws today (liberty of church, in customs on London, All freeman the right to justice, a fair trial) -
John => raised an army of mercenaries
barons asked Louis (french prince) to replace king John
invaded England
John died in 18th October 1216
=> barons told Louis go back to your country
choose Jonh's son = Henry III
accept a revise of Magna Carta -
beginning in 1236 from the french word "parler"
origin from 8th century (anglo-saxons): The Witan (means the meeting of the wise men, but only existing when the king wanted and no power just advice )
barons choose the ministers (king wanted money) -
England would be a state of perpetual war
Ambitions of the King => tensions with celtics
consequences of the hundred years war => civil war (the war of the roses)
centralise force of government + national identity in opposition to France -
barons not happy => henry III acted like his father => another rebellion
king under authority of a council of 50 nobles
+ parliament 3 times/a year
henry rejected the offer => civil war lead by french
Simon de Montfort -
civil war lead by french => army captured the king and his Brother Richard and his son Edward (of the battle of Louis)
Simon set himself as the ruler of England in the name of the king => impose the Provisions of Oxford
the barons against him bcs behave as a tyrant => authoritary reign, council of 9: his friends and family
he held 2 parliaments -
elected representatives from every county and 2 citizens from each town => to counterbalance the power of barons who wanted to expulse him
=> the basis of a more representative way to governate
=> Will become the House of Commons
Montfort killed in the same year
king resume power => call representatives to avoid civil war -
Edward I (Edward I, son of Henry III) => wanted to control British Isles
invaded and forced Wales to submit:
rebellion few years after => Army colonize Wales => given to English Landlords
Gave Wales to his eldest son = Prince of Wales (gave to his son) => became a part of English Kingdom (wales army = mainly archers) -
Scotland = death of the king Alexander III(without male heir)
Scottish king = manipulating by Edward I => decided to ally with France
Auld Alliance (last for a century) => attack the english but defeated
William Walles=> lead rebellion but killed, Robert the Bruce followed his mission -
lead rebellion against English
-
lead to Scotland independence: Robert the Bruce = national hero
-
Big battles and extended treves France/England
origins:
- territories of William the Conqueror (normandy + england) (capetian dysnasty strong)
- French king = landlord of english king
- Philippe Augustus recaptured english territories in France
- Death of Charles IV (France) without heir male => a lot of pretendant to throne
Philippe de Valoir chosen (over Edward III) bcs linked by his grandfather+ french -
Philip VI vs Edward III
edward landed in Normandy 14,000 soldiers, Philip with 20,000 (knights and mercenaries: Crossbosmen)
English technique superiority (archers)
English victory was easy
modern military approach : contract with the English king (semi-professionnal soldiers) -
end because the kings couldn't agree on a permanent peace treaty
=> Edward the black prince -
Jean II le bon (new french king) vs Edward the black prince
=> in advantage of france because huge army (expected an easy victory)
4 battles:
- 1st: elite knights => showers of arrows, same patter, retreats but collided with 2nd battle => finish on the 3rd battle
Edward attack surprise => defeat the french
almost create a debt : creation of the Franc -
New king : Black prince's son called Richard II
soon disposed by his cousin: Henry IV of England seen as usurper
had to secure his power
died and succeeded by his son Henry V In france: Jean II le bon succeeded by his son Charles V (get much of lost territories back) = Charles the Wise
replaced by his son Charles VI: things turned bad = mad king
civil war in France -
born in 1412, daughter of poor farmers
=> hearing voices : meet the dauphin Charles, promise he will be king
=> gave her an army + sent her to Orléans in 1429:
defeat the english => Destroy perceived incivibility
encourage Charles go to Reims => crown king -
same pattern, english technical and technological superiority
Henry V win
consequences:
- end of big cavalry charges (knighthood system in France)
- modernization of war fair
- Myth of Shakespeare -
Henry V = heir and regent to the mad king Charles VI (= dauphin disinherited)
but died 1st => Henry VI (his son) king but a baby -
he broke the treaty of Troyes
joan = capture + trial =>he didn't try to help her => burnt
Charles VII = rightful => manage to reunite the country (conquer territories) -
- end of the Middle Ages (+ fall of Constantinople)
- reorganization political structure(England + France) = national identity
- Propaganda = nationalism + justify conflict (religion)
- civil war in England => The wars of the Roses
-
Throne => Lancaster / Yorks
From Edward III death => to Henry IV who defeated Richard II => unstable power
throne secured with Henry V (treaty of Troyes)
married with Katherine of Valois => had a son Henri VI (mad king) => regency
lancastrians (katherine of valois) vs York (regent Richard duke of York)
Richard III stealing the throne => united Lancastrians and Yorkers against him (gg) -
Richard III vs Henry Tudor => Richard defeated
Took the throne from the Lancastrians + married daughter pf Edward IV (York)
united the 2 families + became Henry VII
Beginning of Tudor Dynasty = increasing power of king
Henry VII = money money money
Henry VIII => divorce 6 wives : schism = Anglicanism -
Henry VIII vs Louis XIII during Italian Wars
try to divert the large english army thanks to the Auld Alliance scottish)
James IV => ultimatum to England
refused, Henry VIII win, James killed -
Cardinal Rosy signed a pact of non-agression in Europe
Henry VIII met Charles V and Francis I
Calais = known as the field of cloth of gold
new alliance with france => fail
Henry defeated by Francis I
diplomacy, balance of power -
same political status as English
representation by election of people in parliament
bcs Tudors came from Wales -
Succeeded by Edward VI, his son 9yo => his uncle Duke of Somerset Edward Seymour regency => Hard protestant influence
Administration transformed, try stabilize economy => Henry VIII spent a lot bcs of war
died of Tuberculosis
Replaced by his old sister : Mary (catholic) Bloody Mary
determine to reinforce the catholicism at first popular but then no more
Died => replaced by Elizabeth I (a protestant) but didn't want to share power -
Elizabeth didn't want to share power => no husband so no heir
using propaganda to unite country
Elizabeth = "Queen Virgin" -
=> but a year later she is a widow, go back to scotland
married a cousin => not happy marriage but have a son James
=> had to escape and go to england to be protected by Elizabeth I (cousin) but she didn't like catholic => emprisonned
but ironically => heir of Elizabeth is James (son of Mary Stuart) -
Under Elizabeth I => try to break monopoly of Spain in america (piracy)
Attacked by the spanish in San Juan de Ulua in 1568, many English sellers died
Drake National hero
died in 1603 => end of Tudors Dynasty -
1585: Elizabeth give military support to protestant fighting spanish in the netherlands
spanish attacked england => english Navy defeated them in 1588
1st modern navy war
succession: Marie Stuart (queen of scotland) => right of succession? John white, Roanoke Island -
son of mary stuart became king after Elizabeth I
mary stuart = killed in October 1586
inherited of the crown: arts are blossomed, age of portraits, playwright (Shakespeare)
Stuart Dynasty = a lot of conflict (not have the public opinion with them, bcs no propaganda) -
1st permanent northern colony in america
in Virginia (the virgin queen)
then south states : Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia -
Opechancanough chief of the Powhatan Confederency
Natives were outnumbered by white people
- White people were encroaching, stealing, using, infringing on native land
- White people tried to convert native to Christianity -
2nd son of James I
married a french princess
tension bcs of money
dissolve the parliament 3 times -
reign alone
but no money bcs no Parliament to make money...
so quite unpopular
but very religious
propaganda
confrontation with Parliaments
late 1630s : try a religious reform in Scotland => no bcs don't want to be incorporate to England
raised an army => crushed by scotts -
short parliament 1640: needed money to raise an army
Long parliament in November 1640: Parliament wanted more power and influence in decisions => No
lead to Civil War :
"The Cavaliers" North and west / Parliamentary militia "The Roundheads" south and east -
all levels of society drown into these conflicts
200,000 soldiers and civils killed (also by diseases)
3 victories of the Parliament -
Royalists allied with Irish Catholics vs Parliament and Scottish army
royalists defeated
parliament => creation of professional army "New Model Army" => Oliver Cromwell -
=> forced to recognize English authority bcs the chief died
-
King surrounded but manage to escape => started 2nd civil war
"Pride Purge" - Rump Parliament
never control the king => guilty of trahison
executed on the 30th of January 1649 (outside the banqueting house in white home in London) -
scottish nobility proclaimed Charles II as new king => civil war
monarchy and House of lords abolished
new system not working well
Cromwell dismissed the Rump Parliament => his son at head of government for 9 months
ruled with council of state and support of army -
became a martyr for the Catholic minority and the Anglicans bcs head of the Church of England
Republican => Military Power "Common Wealth" objectives:
- stabilize country Cromwell expeditions Ireland
Massacre of Drogheda bloody conquest
- scotland too 1652 -
England promote the sell of fishency of british empire => restricting colonial trade to england
conflict with other Europeans power
England lost 2nd Dutsch war in 1665-1667=> but capture new Amsterdam renamed New york (honor of charles' brother James duke of York)
Beginning of Britain as a sea power (colonization and trade in india, east indies and America) -
Scottish nobility not accepted the execution of the king => proclaimed his son Charles II as new king
new civil war -
military dictatory (england, wlaes, scotland and ireland)
constitution "instrument of government"
death of Cromwell => end of republic
Interregnum 1658 => replace by his son Richard as Lord protector
try to establish new dynasty but no => quietly and bloodlessly removed from power -
Charles II
Declaration of Breda in April 1660 (forgive everything happened during civil wars)
never monarchy again abolished
parliament control army
was for religious tolerance because secretly catholic -
-
killed + 100,000 people and stopped British economy
=> London and other playtowns trade stop even Scotland stop -
devasted London were 300,000 people lived => largest city in Europe
Rumors said it was a catholic conspiracy => bcs of the french -
Early Forms of political Parties
Some forms of anti-catholic hysteria
=>The country party : later became the Whigs, the forerunner of the liberal Party => decided to reinforce discriminatary measure against catholics
dissolve to avoid this
3 new parliaments elected to discuss the heir (his brother James, a catholic) -
Charles II and Louis XIV
Charles = officially convert to catholicism + support French against Dutch (3rd Anglo-dutch war 1672-1674)
in exchange => French would provide him a lot of money => no more need the Parliament to make money
he had married a catholic princess + tolerate them => accused of conspiracy
Parliament annul the treaty -
black/white coalition against the ruling elite in virginia
=> Ruling elite realized that not a good idea “poor people” against elite
To prevent : create codes -
-
prevented any arbitrary imprisonment ordered by the king
-
Parliament grew more against the king
The tories => become conservative party => support king, defend divine rights -
He Promoted Catholicism => led to a conflict with Parliament
dissolve parliament => ruled alone
attempted to promote Catholicism by military, political, academic post -
Converting to catholicism on his death bed=> no legitimit heir => suceeded by his brother James II a catholic
-
James II had created dominion of new England => emerging colonies
- tigher control of american colonies (royally appointed government)
- dominion set up => enforce navigation Acts in colony
- increase hopes of independence among american colonists -
Declaration of liberty of countress => suspend laws punishing roman catholics and protestant distemper
Wanted to abolish all the laws restricting the freedom of religion
heir : protestant daughter Mary married to William of Orange -
James II get 2nd Wife: Marry of Modena => had a son James Francis Edward => next king catholic => fear
group of 7 protestant called Willliam of Orange
november => he landed with an army => James goes to france
legacy:
american colonies: significant role on American Constitution
Revolution freed the protestant americans colonies of the several taxes and laws imposing on them by the catholic king James II -
"Grande Alliance" or English Successions
Ambitions of Louis XIV = a fret to stability in Europe
end with the Peace of Westlake -
William = new king
Glorious revolution without blood -
reinforce Parliament's power:
- Frequent parliaments, free election, freedom of speech within parliament
- No taxation without parliament’s agreement and no gvt interference
- Next in line for the throne: William and its kids, or her sister (sister’s mary => Anne) if no kids
=> used as model for US bill of Rights -
James tried to get his crown back
he landed in March in Ireland => french support and raised an army "Jacobites"
confront william army in July (fire arms essential)
william defeat James => secured control of Dublin -
French navy defeated British navy : near Beachy Head in England => briefly control the Channel
+ panic in London -
William control the west of the country
treaty of Liberic => protestant force in Ireland -
reinforce fear in London
Spring 1693: large convoy of English and Dutch merchants ship => way down to Spain and Mediterranean to trade, protect until the port of Brest
End of may French navy 100 boats near Lagos Bay in Portugal
surprised attack to British => big economical damges -
New institution inspired by the Dutch => anyone could suscribe and invest money with a promise of 8% benefits
£1.2 Millions in 12 days => used to rebuild to guarantee the security of British merchants
in return pay taxes to gvt
virtous circle :
-economical : + money + markets
- agriculture: sealers eat a lot of meat => effective agriculture
- industry: mass production of ships (miner industry)
=> basis of 1st industrial revolution -
- All future monarchs = the church of England no catholic
- If a future monarch is not a native of England, England is not obliged to engage in any war for the defense of territories not belonging to crown of England
-
No heir => Bourbon (linked by godmother) vs Hapsburg (linked by great godfather) => chosen
Louis XIV win : his grandson Philip V of Spain = king, station troups in Spanish Netherlands
Asiento de negros: monopoly of African slaves in America with france not england -
James exile in Saint-Germain in France and died on 16th of September of 1701
-
Anti-French alliance: English, Dutch, Emperor Leopold
english advantages: Money and John Churchill
Louis XIV=> attack Vienna + pression to Leopold : destroy Grande Alliance
John Churchill, duke of Marlborough defeat the French
1st major defeat of french in 50 years
=> destroy myth of invincibility
war continued but Louis XIV strategy destroyed -
Slaves code for instance stated:
- Black people could not have weapons
- White people could not be employed by black people
=>create a hierarchy around the race
From a free/bound distinction to a black/white distinction
=>the poor white people (indentured servants) => should be above black people -
England and Scottish = independent but james wanted to have a reunion
But in reality nor English and scotts wanted to be united => massive immigration and identity
Beginning of tensions between stuart king and parliament -
Kingdoms of Scotland and England unied: shared a king
"United Kingdom of Great Britain" -
Spanish succession in favor of Philip V (grandson of Louis XIV) but not allowed to inherit of France
British had Gibraltar and Minorca => trade
Asiento => to the british
Power of Britain and colonial empire expand -
Son of princess sofia : George succeeded
George I => beginning of Hanoverian Dynasty
Britain came to acquire much of its overseas empire -
-
French and Indian War
1st global conflict
Britain declared war
who will lead the world? France/Britain
French defeated by navy
owned territories: Louisburg, Quebec
but keep Guadeloupe, Martinique and Havana
=> Treaty of Paris
canada to british and American territory to colonists
huge debt in England => Edward III => taxes -
France ceded Canada to British => regain Guadeloupe in compensation
Canada:freedom of religion
when 13 colonies started to rebel : canada not
conflict high cost => high taxations on american -
- After 7 Years War: crown put a limit that settlers weren’t allowed to go beyond : Appalachians => proclamation line
- To preserve peace with Native Americans : Wampanoags (Samoset, Squanto)
- Treaty of Paris 1783 => recognized the independence, it has borders
- Proclamation line dropped => free to settle all that part of the territory => an real opportunity => but soon no longer enough and go west -
Sugar Act: Taxes on the colonists
Molasses (sugar)
Foreign import into the colonies => encouraging the British Caribbean (Bahamas, Jamaica…) Currency Act: Colonies forbidden to issue/print paper money
More control by the Crown : depend of the money they have provided by the crown -
All legal documents must bear an official stamp => each colonist have to pay (= timbre fiscal, ce qu’on paye pour faire passeport, permis…)
=>Angry reactions :
Demonstrations were organized
Resistance (“Sons of Liberty”) an intercolonial association (in different colonies)
Wrote a petition sent to the British Parliament
Boycott of British goods
Success of the reaction: Repealed in 1766 -
New taxes=>imported goods from England:paper,glass,(manufactured goods),china,paints,tea
bcs colonies started manufacture by their own,but can’t construct them=>sure way to make money
+loyalty America’s official:revenue of colonial governors,judges…payed by taxes(no collect taxes, no salaries)
Declaratory Act (1766): British Parliament allowed to tax American
Sons of Liberty “No taxation without representation”
=>Boycott British goods (Massachusetts:Boston, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York) -
=> revolt against taxes, in massachussets=> boycott of British goods
March 5, 1770: soldiers shot at an angry mob(colonist, crowd): 5 dead colonists => propaganda around this in the newspaper
Rise of anti-English feeling
=> Townshend Acts repealed in April 1770
=> Except tax on tea => not appreciated -
East India Tea Company = granted monopoly on tea in the colonies
=>Way to make money for British
But for the colonist = new threat to their freedom => scared they could do this with other products
Reaction : 342 chests of tea into the Boston harbor=> drop/throw everything in the ocean (environ 10,000 livres) -
Punish protestors especially in Massachusetts and Boston => prove control of the Crown
Boston Port closed => trade no longer possible
Government appointed (no longer be elected) by the Crown
Trials outside the colony => people who murder someone were judged outside of the colony
Quartering of British troops: requisition building to put soldiers in
Evidence of British Oppression: believe the colonists were forced to obey but it proved they were oppressed => idea of Revolution, independence -
delegates for states (no Georgia) => against English gvt
procede wirtten:
- Negotiating
- boycott English goods
- "No taxation without representation"
king don't give a f* => 1st battle -
1st military engagement of Revolutionary war (1st fight)
- Militiamen (=minutemen) regular men because there is no army because it’s not a country
vs
- Redcoats: (British soldiers): numerous casualties among redcoats => started the armed conflict, tension -
2nd attempt peaceful solution => even Georgia
- resistance turned into rebellion
- organizing colonies for war : Committee (relations with foreign countries, sign treaty)
- Continental Army(13 colonies) headed by Georges Washington -
France: great opportunity to weaken Britain => finance Americans
they won, another treaty of Paris 1783: recognize sovereignity of the US
British: lost of colonies and new conception of the empire = end of the 1st British empire => Africa and pacific ocean for new territories
"Laisser faire"
France: increase Taxations -
Pamphlet written by an Englishman => best seller
- US need to create a republic (gvt always dangerous but necessary, "Society in every state is a blessing, but gvt, even at its best state, is but a necessary evil”)
- colonies were exploited => US = strong and powerful enough to not need England => even stronger without the Crown
5 members to write a declaration of Independence:
Jefferson, Adams, Franklin... -
Loyalists(for England)=>a lot moved to England of Canada
Patriots:radicals,for of independence
1/5 colonists loyal to Britain =>international dimension
-Continental army VS British army
-Battle of Saratoga=turning point:1st major US victory
=>convinced French help US, could win+ hate England + revenge of 7 years war + illustration of the Illustration Spirit
- British surrendered at Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis
- 1783 : Treaty of Paris+boundaries US : canada missippi river -
Jefferson
declaration=adopted by Continental Congress
- 1/ Preamble: fundamental rights of citizens => can abolish and create new government if doesn’t respect rights => John Locke (men born with natural rights: live, liberty and property) => when aren’t respected by gvt => duty of citizens to rebel and replace it with a new gvt that respect their rights.
- 2/ Grievances addressed to the King
- 3/ Independence from the British Empire -
(ratified in 1781) => 1st time the United States of America=> named the country
for national organization
state: degree of sovereignty and independence Continental Congress: no much power, but a few responsibilities needed to stop a war => make treaties and alliances, maintain army, make money (coin money)
Federalism -
-
System not working:
no taxes => no money
no control on trade => no organization => no money collected
- can't enforce laws => not respected
can't amend articles: need agreement of 13/13 states -
13/1865 slaves were freed
14/1868: former slaves became citizens
15/1870: former slaves can vote (only men)
=>The reconstruction amendments
19/1920: women can vote
22/1951: presidential terms limited to 2 terms
last in 1992
amend : approval of 2/3 Congress + 3/4 of States -
=> to write Bill of Rights
amendments:
1/ freedom of speech, religion, press
2/ gun ownership
3/ Restriction of Quartering of soldiers
4/ Warrants (mandats)
5/ protect from self-incrimination and double jeopardy (silence)
6/ be informed of charges of accusation
7/ trial by jury in some civil cases
8/excessive bail and cruel punishment => used when for the death penalty
9/ protects rights no listed in the constitution
10/ Federalism
now 27 amendments -
at first: intellectual ok but bath blood, 2 pdv
- Edmund Burke: "Reflections on the French Revolution” prophesize the destruction of civilization
- Thomas Paine: “The rights of man” defended the values of the revolution, and the idea of a legitimit government should support men’s natural rights
political = revolution is bad
William Pite The Younger => violently -
-
law passed to annihilate revendication in Britain :
regulate the growing number of refugees from France: fear of enemies spies, or republicans -
annihilate form of revendication in England
arrest anyone on suspicion of the republican side -
organization establish in Ireland to defend Protestantism in Ireland
Marching season => commemoration of the battle (particularly of Boyne) (protestants are mocking catholics...) -
annihilate form of revendication in England
acts (meeting of more than 50 people)
Transportation, anyone speaking against Parliament, king and government => transport far away -
goodbye message
=>Warning the American people against opposing political parties
1796: John Adams (federalist Party) president
Thomas Jefferson (democratic Republican party) vice president -
Constitution amendment
2 years later => crowned himself as emperor
Wanted to united the country => did it through politic and use of force
tried to invade Britain => Defeated in Trafalgar by Melson -
-
-
-
Biggest peace of land to get
=> President: Thomas Jefferson (3rd) = get Louisiana expansionsit
- Mississippi River = trade route + deposit at New Orleans => to ship products + sell them to the rest of the world = economical prosperity
Spain => ok use the Mississippi river; sold Louisiana back to France (too big&expansive) in 1800
-Forbade deposit goods at New Orleans US bought =>Lousiana & Napoleon ok
• war against England =>needed money + soldiers in Canada -
Great Achievement for Jefferson
- Westward expansion => without fighting, having new territories
- Knowing the territory is important => Lewis and Clark expedition => explore to map the territory and write down the scientific discoveries -
= economic blocade to exclude the British goods from export in the rest of Europe
Done in retaliation => had done the same with France
led to the war of 1812: US vs UK + russian campaign -
economic argument: industrial revolution = slavery irrelevant
end of napoleonic war =>british victory: focus on the world
imperial century
britain would impose "Pax Britanica" -
US vs UK bcs US prevented to trade with France
Led to the Russian campaign: bcs decided to end to embargo of Britain => napoleon was furious => terrible defeat for napoleon -
Another terrible defeat => another terrible defeat against british => forced to abdicate
Treaty of Fontainebleau => exile in Elba in Italy -
Go to paris, forced the king to flee and he began “The hundred days campaign”
new coalition against France
Napoleon wanted to strike it prevently -
expansion => tiny problem: natives American prevent them from conquer the lands
A lot of tribes in the southeast
some refused to give their lands => “Five civilized tribes” (they tried to adapt them to survive) Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw and Seminole
blocked the way to settle
=>relocate in west of the Mississippi river called “the Indian territory”
President Andrew Jackson=> Indian Removal Act 1830 => west of Mississippi river to natives for east territories
most tribes=>resistance, no choice -
Texas: Anglo-americans> Tejanos> natives
declared independence 1835 => Texas Revolt=> recognized in 1836 => The Lone star Republic of Texas
but complicated: Unbalance slavery states (north against) but economy + Manifest Destiny => okay in 1845 -
Large piece of expansion
California to Alaska+ from the pacific coast to the Louisiana
Oregon = “joint occupation” = US + UK => not really organized
As the US expand west =>organization to complete expansion => no war
compromise with Great Britan => Oregon Treaty
49th parallel (latitude) = border between US and Canada (cf the map) => officially established the border between US and Canada
=> Northern Boundary -
For Mexico: annexation = aggression => war to the US
army unprepared, badly organized and American troups continually beats them battle after battle 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
- Mexico officially recognized Texas belong to the US
- Recognized the rio grande (the river) is a boundary with the US
- give more territories to the US: cede New Mexico and California to the US (but US paid for it 15 million? Same as Louisiana) -
7 Years War(1763)=>Florida became British
treaty of Paris=>returned Florida to Spain(1783), bcs helped for independence
all against England
native americans, especially the tribe “Seminole” =>regularly attack the US
1818: Seminole war (in Florida)=> occupation of Florida by
the US army => demanding to spain to give it to the US
=> forced to give its colony
(they were payed) because they were already here
=>Adams-Onis Treaty => US secured control of the East coast
=>Now own half of continent -
Southern part Arizona & Southern New Mexico bought from the Mexico government (expansive for tiny territories: 10 million $)
10 years of extension => all the continent with boundaries on north and south
Frontier officially closed in 1890 => recognized no longer any frontier to push => for civilization
population of Native Americans population reduced by 90% (killed during wars, massacres, sent to reservation) -
In reaction => south Carolina decided to leave the US => declare Secession
All the southern states followed and declare a new union: the confederate
Jefferson Davis => president of the confederate states of America -
=> south declared its independence
victory of north
Appomattox Virginia => confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered, Lincoln seen as the heroe, the savior (but then shot)
North = the union
South = the confederency
Victory of the union (north) -