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Great Schism - the break of communion between what are now the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches, which had lasted until the 11th century
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Consecration of Westminster Abbey church
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Pope Urban II proclaims the First Crusade at the Council of Claremont
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England's king Henry I fights with Pope Pasquale II on the issue of lay investiture
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French theologian John of Salisbury publishes the "Policraticus", first doctrine of the separation of church and state but with the state subordinate to the church
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the third Crusade is led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, king Philip Augustus II of France, and emperor Frederick Barbarossa
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pope Innocent III launches a crusade against the Catharist/Albigensian and the Waldensian heretics
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1220 – 1250
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the Dominican monk Thomas Aquinas publishes the "Summa Contra Gentiles", that reconciles science and religion
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the Teutonic Knights conquer all of Prussia
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Pope Clement V abolishes the order of the Knights Templar, after drumming up false accusations for the purpose of seizing their wealthy assetts with the help of French king Philippe IV
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Franciscan monk Marsilio da Padova publishes "Defender Of Peace", in which he argues that the Church has not authority over secular affairs and that the purpose of a state is to guarantee peace
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the Oxford theologian John Wycliffe preaches that the Church has fallen into sin, that it ought to give up all its property, and that the clergy should live in complete poverty
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the Council of Constance assembles to settle the schism of the three popes Gregory XII, Benedict XIII and John XXIII
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Nicholas V becomes Pope and begins to build the Vatican Library of ancient Latin and Greek classics
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pope Innocent VIII orders the persecution of witches while Rome plunges into moral and political chaos
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the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus publishes "The Praise of Folie", which advocates a return to the moral values of early Christianity
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the Ottoman empire conquers Jerusalem
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Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican Palace in Rome
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the philosopher Giordano Bruno is executed as an heretic in Rome for claiming that the universe is infinite
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200,000 Jews are slaughtered during the Russian invasion of Poland by Cossacks led by Bogdan Chmielnicki
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the Greek Jewish kabbalist Shabbatai Zvi is hailed as the messiah, but then accepts to convert to Islam to save his life
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