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Period: 100 to 165
Justin Martyr
Christian philosopher and apologist. Martyred in Rome. -
Period: 121 to 180
Marcus Aurelius
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135
Second Jewish Rebellion
Simon Bar Kokhba, claiming to be the Messiah, revolted against the Romans. Jerusalem was destroyed again. -
150
Gnostic Controversy
The Gnostics' false teachings first surfaced in the first century. By AD 140, Gnostics outnumbered Christians in some areas. -
155
Martyrdom of Polycarp
Polycarp of Smyrna—modern Izmir, Turkey—was burned alive because he would not offer incense to the emperor. -
Period: 166 to 174
Saint Soter
Tradition holds he was martyred; feast day 22 April. Declared that marriage was valid as a sacrament blessed by a priest; formally inaugurated Easter as an annual festival in Rome. -
Period: 200 to 258
Saint Cyprian
Cyprian was bishop of Carthage and a notable Early Christian writer of Berber descent, many of whose Latin works are extant. He is also recognised as a saint in the Christian churches. He was born around the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage, where he received a classical education. -
Period: 208 to 235
Severus Alexander
The grandnephew of Septimius Severus, cousin and adoptive heir of Elagabalus -
220
Montanist Movement
Montanists—also known as “New Prophets”—tried to return churches to the New Testament's emphasis on dynamic acts of the Spirit. Their harsh moral standards and failed prophecies led many Christians to reject the movement. -
Period: 222 to 230
Pope Urban I
Roman. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 25 May. -
313
Edict of Milan
Emperors Constantine and Licinius affirmed Galerius' decision to legalize Christianity. -
Period: 995 to 1022
King Olof Skötkonung
King of Sweden, son of Eric the Victorious and, according to Icelandic sources, Sigrid the Haughty. He succeeded his father in c. 995. He stands at the threshold of recorded history since he is the first Swedish ruler about whom there is substantial knowledge. He is regarded as the first king known to have ruled both the Swedes and the Geats. -
Period: May 18, 1012 to Apr 9, 1024
Pope Benedict VIII
Pope Benedict VIII reigned from 18 May 1012 to his death in 1024. He was born Theophylactus to the noble family of the counts of Tusculum, descended from Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, like his predecessor Pope Benedict VII (973–974). Horace Mann considered him "...one of the few popes of the Middle Ages who was at once powerful at home and great abroad. -
Period: Jun 8, 1042 to Jan 5, 1066
King Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor, also known as Saint Edward the Confessor, was among the last Anglo-Saxon kings of England. Usually considered the last king of the House of Wessex, he ruled from 1042 to 1066. -
Period: 1049 to Jul 6, 1070
Saint Godelieve
Tradition, as recorded in her Vita, states that she was pious as a young girl, and became much sought after by suitors as a beautiful young woman. Godelieve, however, wanted to become a nun. A nobleman named Bertolf of Gistel, however, determined to marry her, successfully invoked the help of her father's overlord, Eustace II, Count of Boulogne. Berthold's servants were ordered to provide only bread and water to the young bride. Godelieve shared this food with the poor. -
1054
East–West Schism
also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what is now the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches, which had lasted until the 11th century. The Schism was the culmination of theological and political differences between the Christian East and West which had developed over the preceding centuries. -
Dec 28, 1065
Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the United Kingdom's most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. -
Period: 1080 to Mar 1, 1118
Queen Matilda of Scotland
Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080 – 1 May 1118), originally christened Edith, was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry I. She acted as regent of England in the absence of her spouse on several occasions. -
Period: 1090 to Aug 20, 1153
Bernard of Clairvaux
He was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing known as the Val d'Absinthe, about 15 kilometers southeast of Bar-sur-Aube. According to tradition, Bernard founded the monastery on 25 June 1115, naming it Claire Vallée. There Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary." In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes, at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar, which soon became the ideal of Christian nobility. -
Period: 1096 to 1099
First Crusade
First of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095. The resulting military expedition of primarily French-speaking Western European nobles not only re-captured much of Anatolia but went on to conquer the Holy Land, which had fallen to Islamic expansion as early as the 7th century, and culminated in July 1099 in the re-conquest of Jerusalem and the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. -
Period: Aug 13, 1099 to Jan 21, 1118
Pope Paschal II
Italian. Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. Ordered the building of the basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati. -
Nov 28, 1128
Siege of Edessa
The siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the crusader County of Edessa to Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo. This event was the catalyst for the Second Crusade. -
Dec 29, 1170
Martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket
He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonized by Pope Alexander III. -
1187
Fall of Jerusalem to Turks
Jerusalem falls to Turks after being conquered during the First Crusade. -
1209
Albigensian Crusade
The Albigensian Crusade or the Cathar Crusade was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, in southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on political favor, resulting in not only a significant reduction in the number of practicing Cathars but also a realignment of the County of Toulouse in Languedoc. -
Period: Jun 20, 1211 to Mar 2, 1282
Agnes of Bohemia
also known as Agnes of Prague, was a medieval Bohemian princess who opted for a life of charity, mortification of the flesh and piety over a life of luxury and comfort. Although she was venerated soon after her death, Agnes was not beatified or canonized for over 700 years. -
1212
Jews of Toledo are massacred by the Crusaders
The Crusaders began the in Toledo by robbing and killing the Jews, and if the knights had not checked them with armed forces all the Jews in Toledo would have been slain. When, after the sanguinary battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, Alfonso victoriously entered Toledo, the Jews went to meet him in triumphal procession. Shortly before his death the king issued the fuero de Cuenca, settling the legal position of the Jews in a manner favorable to them. -
1215
Fourth Lateran council
The Fourth Council of the Lateran was convoked by Pope Innocent III with the papal bull Vineam Domini Sabaoth of 19 April 1213, and the Council gathered at Rome's Lateran Palace beginning 11 November 1215. Due to the great length of time between the Council's convocation and meeting, many bishops had the opportunity to attend. It is considered by the Catholic Church to have been the twelfth ecumenical council 412 bishops, 900 abbots and priors together with representatives of several monarchs. -
Period: May 19, 1227 to Aug 22, 1241
Pope Gregory IX
Italian. Canonized Elisabeth of Hungary (1235). Initiated the Inquisition in France and endorsed the Northern Crusades. -
Period: Jul 27, 1282 to Aug 24, 1298
King Albert I of Habsburg
Eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination. -
Nov 18, 1302
Unam sanctam
Unam sanctam is a papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII on 18 November 1302. The Bull laid down dogmatic propositions on the unity of the Catholic Church, the necessity of belonging to it for eternal salvation, the position of the Pope as supreme head of the Church, and the duty thence arising of submission to the Pope in order to belong to the Church and thus to attain salvation. The Pope further emphasizes the higher position of the spiritual in comparison with the secular order. -
1303
French king Philippe IV kidnaps pope Boniface VIII
The French king Philippe IV kidnaps Pope Boniface VIII over the right to tax the French clergy -
Period: Jun 5, 1305 to Apr 20, 1314
Pope Clement V
French. Pope at Avignon. Convened the Council of Vienne (1311–1312). Initiated the persecution of the Knights Templar with the bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae under pressure from King Philip IV of France. -
1309
Pope Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon in France
Pope Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon in France, this is the peak of France's influence over the papacy -
Period: May 14, 1316 to Nov 29, 1378
Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV
Born Wenceslaus, was the first King of Bohemia to become Holy Roman Emperor. He was a member of the House of Luxembourg from his father's side and the Czech House of Přemyslid from his mother's side; he emphasized the latter due to his lifelong affinity for the Czech side of his inheritance, and also because his direct ancestors in the Přemyslid line included two saints. -
Period: May 24, 1337 to Oct 19, 1453
Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts lasting 116 years waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. -
Period: Mar 25, 1347 to Apr 29, 1380
Catherine of Siena
a laywoman associated with the Dominican Order, was a mystic, activist, and author who had a great influence on Italian literature and the Catholic Church. Canonized in 1461, she is also a Doctor of the Church. -
Period: May 5, 1352 to May 18, 1410
King Rupert
Known as Robert of the Palatinate, a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was Elector Palatine from 1398 and King of Germany from 1400 until his death. Rupert was born at Amberg in the Upper Palatinate, the son of Elector Palatine Rupert II and Beatrice of Aragon, daughter of King Peter II of Sicily. Rupert's great-granduncle was the Wittelsbach emperor Louis IV. He was raised at the Dominican Liebenau monastery near Worms, where his widowed grandmother Irmengard of Oettingen lived as a nun. -
1409
Council of Pisa
The Council of Pisa was a controversial ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in 1409. It attempted to end the Western Schism by deposing Benedict XIII (Avignon) and Gregory XII (Rome) for schism and manifest heresy. The College of Cardinals, composed of members of both the Avignon Obedience and the Roman Obedience, who were recognized by each other and by the Council, then elected a third papal claimant, Alexander V, who lived only a few months. He was succeeded by John XXIII. -
Period: Jun 30, 1409 to Mar 3, 1410
Pope Alexander V
Greek. Western Schism; In Opposition to Gregory XII considered a legitimate Pope until 1963 and is numbered as such to this day. -
Period: 1412 to May 30, 1431
Jeanne d'Arc(Joan of Arc)
Joan claimed to have received visions of the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The unanointed King Charles VII sent Joan to the Siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's consecration at Reims. -
1413
Lollard rebellion
Lollardy, also known as Lollardism or the Lollard movement, was a pre-Protestant Christian religious movement that existed from the mid-14th century to the English Reformation. It was initially led by John Wycliffe,[1] a Roman Catholic theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticism of the Roman Catholic Church. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity. They formulated their beliefs in the Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards. -
1415
Council of Constance
The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany. The council ended the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and by electing Pope Martin V. -
Period: Mar 10, 1503 to Jul 25, 1564
Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I
Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, king of Bohemia and Royal Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death in 1564. Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Also, he often served as Charles' representative in Germany and developed encouraging relationships with German princes. -
Period: Sep 22, 1503 to Oct 1, 1503
Pope Pius III
Pope Pius III, born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 September 1503 to his death. He had one of the shortest pontificates in papal history. -
Period: Apr 7, 1506 to Dec 2, 1552
Francis Xavier
A Navarrese Catholic missionary who was a co-founder of the Society of Jesus. -
1516
Greek translation of the New Testament is Printed
Greek translation of the New Testament done by Erasmus (Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus) is printed -
1517
Ottoman empire conquers Jerusalem
The Ottoman empire conquers Jerusalem -
1521
Martin Luther translates the New Testament into German
Martin Luther translates the New Testament into German aginst the will of the Roman Catholic Church. -
May 25, 1521
Edict of Worms
For this reason, we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. -
Period: to
Pope Leo XI
Pope Leo XI, born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 to 27 April 1605. Medici's mother opposed his entering the priesthood, but after her death, he eventually was ordained a priest. In his career, he served as Florence's ambassador to the pope, Bishop of Pistoia, Archbishop of Florence, papal legate to France, and as the cardinal Prefect for the Congregation of the Bishops and Religious. He served as pope for 27 days. -
Baptist Church founded by John Smyth
Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and doing so by complete immersion. Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency (the responsibility and accountability of every person before God), sola fide, sola scriptura (scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice) and congregationalist church government. -
King James Bible published
The King James Version is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, begun in 1604 and completed as well as published in 1611 under the sponsorship of James VI and I. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament. The King James Version has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English-speaking world. -
Pilgrim's arrive at Plymouth
The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were the English settlers who established the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownists, or Separatist Puritans, who had fled religious persecution in England for the tolerance of 17th-century Holland in the Netherlands. They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike most other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations should separate from the English state church. -
Period: to
Oliver Plunkett
the Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland who was the last victim of the Popish Plot. He was beatified in 1920 and canonized in 1975, thus becoming the first new Irish saint for almost seven hundred years. -
Period: to
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I
Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia. The second son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, by his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain, Leopold became the heir apparent in 1654 by the death of his elder brother Ferdinand IV. Elected in 1658, Leopold ruled the Holy Roman Empire until his death in 1705, becoming the longest-ruling Habsburg emperor (at 46 years and 9 months).
