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African National Congress
The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 and was later declared "illegal" by the leaders at the time. The African National Congress' goal has been to create a purely democratic nation of South Africa that dosen't discriminate against race or sex. Please click the link below to go to the ANC's website:
www.anc.org.za/index.php -
Period: to
New African and Asian States
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The Muslim Brotherhood
The Muslim Brotherhood was formed in Egypt by Hassan al-Banna to create many social reforms to help the poor majority of the Egyptians. Later on, the Brotherhood's services became extremely political centered with the use of strikes, riots, and assassination teams. The Brotherhood continued on for a period of time after al-Banna's murder in 1949. Please click the link below to visit the Muslim Brotherhood's Official English Website:
<a href='http://www.ikhwanweb.com/' >www.ikhwanweb.com</a -
Free Officer's Movement
The Free Officer's Movement came from a secret organization in Egypt that developed earlier, and the actual council was interested in the power that could be gained in the name of a "revolution". -
Indian and Pakistani Independence
The Indian Independence Bill agreed that the two hundred years of British rule in India ended. Also included in the bill was the indepenence of Pakistan to please the Muslim League among others. Read more about the Indian Independence Bill here:
www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak-partition.htm -
First Arab-Israeli War
After the U.N. Partion of 1947, the Arabs felt unfufilled with what was included in the partion. Since the Arabs and Jews had some tensions between them already, those tensions escalated to warfare. To read more about the war in detail, go to:
www.nmhtthornton.com/mehistorydatabase/1948_arab.php -
Assassination of Haasan al-Banna
After founding the Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al-Banna was murdered by an assassination squad from the Khedive Farouk. Even after his death al-Banna was still able to influence how the Muslim Brotherhood was held into the 1950s. -
Indian Five Year Econ. Reform
This fist of many "Five-Year Plans" was presented by Jawaharlal Nehru, and it mainly focused on agriculture and the current food crisis. This first reform was able to meet it's main goal to increase agriculture and food production. Read more about the first and other reforms in India at:
www.tradechakra.com/indian-economy/five-year-plans/index.html -
Khedival Faruk Regime Overthrown
As the khedival Faruk regime grew increasingly corrupt, there was a military coup who was extremely frustrated with the regime. So in July of 1952, the military coup almost bloodlessly toppled the regime. -
Bandung Conference
This conference was mainly comprised of new Asian-African nations that came together to create an united "voice" for the previously colonized countries to use against the Western powers. The conference also pushed for a universal peace and the condemnation of colonialism. -
Invasion of the Suez Canal
Many Egyptians were pushing for Great Britain to evacuate the Suez Canal Zone, and after signing a treaty together the British evacutated all of it's troops earlier in the year. While the canal was being nationalized main powers of the world pushed for "international control" of the canal which the Egyptians refused. From this there were many conflicts as some of the poerful countries started to invade the Suez Canal Zone. To read more about the Suez Canal War, click the link below: -
South African Independence
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Sharpeville Massacre
There were many demonstrators that were rallying against the arpatheid when several South African Police fired into different peaceful protests, killing 69 South Africans and wounding many more. -
Nkrumah is Overthrown
After years of suddering under Nkrumah's regime's rule, another new regime decided to overthrow Nkrumah on the grounds that his regime was corrupt and authoritarian. -
Second Arab-Israeli War
This war is called the "six-day war" for the fact that is was actually six days long. This war resulted mainly from the Arabs unwillingness to recognize Israel as a nation. After the war ended, the Palestinians were under Israelian control. To read more about the Six-Day War, click here:
www.israel-palestina.info/arab-israeli_conflict.html#The_Six_Day_War_and_Arab_rejectionism -
Bangladesh Revolt and Independence
After discovering a national identity while still under Pakistani rule, the Bangla-people made several attempts to get some official recognition from the Pakistanis, such as getting an official Bangla-language or country. Since the Pakistanis were not letting power go, the Bangla-people could not take it any more and decided to revolt against the Pakistanis. Later on that year, the Bangla-people declared the nation of Bangladesh. -
Yom Kippur War
This war is called the Yom Kippur War because it started on one of the holiest days of the Jewish calander, the Day of Atonement. This war involved the Syria and Egypt against Israel; it was fought in the Suez Canal Zone as well as by the Sea of Galilee. In the end, there was a ceasefire that was implemented by the U.N. that is still in effect today. To read more about Israelian wars, click here:
<a href='http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/The+Arab-Israeli+W -
Shah of Iran is Overthrown
During Mohammad Reza's rule as a shah, there was an increase in the counrty's economic growth, but he ruled with an iron fist and a squad of police. There was an opposition which was lead by Ayatollah Khomeini that overthrew Reza by spreading their message around the country secretly through cassette tapes. After not being able to control the country anymore, the shah fled Iran. Visit this website to read more:
http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php -
The Iran and Iraq War Starts
Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi leader at the time, made an important decision to invade Iran based on several reasons, such as Hussein fearing that Iran would upset the balance of his country. To read more information about the Iran and Iraq War, use this link:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm -
Iran and Iraq War Ends
After almost eight years of war and conflict between Iran and Iraq, Iran signed a cease-fire agreement with the U.N., and when everything was all "settled" it seems that none of the issues that were origionally specified were actually addressed. To read more about the Iran and Iraq War, use this link:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm -
De Klark Makes Peace Reform in South Africa
In the later months of 1989, DeKlerk was able to meet with Nelson Mandels to negotiate illegal anti-apartheid organizations, such as the African National Congress. Him meeting with Mandela led to a better transition out of the apartheid. To read more about Frederik Willem de Klerk, visit this link:
http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/frederik-willem-de-klerk -
Nelson Mandela is Released from Prison
For twenty-seven long years in harsh prison, Nelson Madela was finally released from prison after apartheid laws were relaxed a bit. Many people came to greet him as he left. To read more about what happened, click this link to the BBC website to learn more:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539947.stm -
The Gulf War Starts
In August of 1991, Iraq invaded Kuwait and claimed it to be a province of Iraq. Teo main plans are put into action at this time projects Desert Storm and Desert Shield. After many conflicts between the U.S.A. and Iraq, Iraq signed a permanent cease-fire with the U.N. As a result of the constant war, many of the U.S.A.'s and Iraq's resources became depleted which in turn drove the economy down. -
First Democratic elections in South Africa are Held
When the time cam around for the first democratic elections to be held in South Africa, many people excercised their new right to vote; they often waited for hours in the stifling heat. (page 856)
