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Santa Anna's Presidency
In the 30 years after independence, Mexican politics was dominated by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. His popularity was based on his military victories, leading him to serve as president 5 times between 1833-1855. In 1855, a group of reformers overthrew and exiled Santa Anna which he did not return from. -
Santa Anna Leads Attacks in Texas
Santa Anna controlled the Mexican army that invaded Texas in 1836. His forces successfully defeated the Texas rebels at the Alamo, and he personally ordered the execution of 400 Texan prisoners after the Battle of Goliad. -
Benito Juarez Overthrows Santa Anna
Juarez was the leader of the reformers that overthrew and exiled Santa Anna. He then took over the country and altered it massively. He gave less power to the Catholic Church and the military. Conservatives were infuriated and a civil war broke out, with Juarez ultimately winning that. -
Napoleon Overthrows Mexico
In 1861, Napoleon III sent French troops into Mexico, overthrew the government, and established Austrian archduke Maximillian as emperor of Mexico. -
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Austrian Archduke Maximilian's Control Over Mexico
Austrian Archduke Maximilian was the person Napoleon the Third assigned to rule Mexico after he overthrew the government. Once he was the emperor, Conservatives in Mexico were happy as they thought he would give the Church back its power. However, he ended up detaching both Liberals and Conservatives from the government. After the French withdrew their troops, Austrian Archduke Maximilian didn’t have enough support to rule the country, so he surrendered and was executed by Republican troops. -
France Gains Control of Vietnam
During the early 1800s, French missionaries and traders were active in Vietnam. The ruling Nguyen dynasty saw the French as a threat and attempted to expel the French from their country. In response, French emperor Napoleon III sent a fleet to Vietnam. The French would defeat the Vietnamese forcing them to sign the Treaty of Saigon in 1862. The treaty gave the French control of most of the territory in southern Vietnam. -
Jose Marti Begins the Cuban Revolutionary Party
Jose Marti was a poet and journalist. He communicated to Cubans through writing to continue to fight for independence. While exiled, he founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party and in 1865 he returned to Cuba to join an uprising against the Spanish. -
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Porfirio Díaz's Presidency
Porfirio Díaz was a Mexican general and politician who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 31 years, from 1876, 17 February 1877 to 1 December 1880, and from 1 December 1884 to 25 May 1911. -
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United States in the Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo was the rebel leader in the Philippines. He and the United States had been allies in the past, fighting against the Spanish Army in the Philippines. However, after the United States bought the country nationalists in the Philippines thought they would gain independence, but ended up becoming a U.S. colony. Feeling betrayed, the rebels fought back against the United States. They also did not gain independence and Emilio’s Rebels lost. -
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Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency
During the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, the United States expanded its influence over Caribbean nations and the rest of Latin America after the Spanish-American War. -
Theodore Roosevelt Secures the Panama Canal for the United States
In 1903, the US bought French property and equipment to build the Panama Canal however, Colombia refused to allow the United States to begin construction. Determined to build the canal, Theodore Roosevelt sent US warships to support an uprising against Colombia. After Panama was declared independent, the two nations quickly signed a treaty that allowed for the canal to be built. -
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Emiliano Zapata
Emiliano Zapata was idealistic and an advocate for land reform. He was also an important figure in the Mexican Revolution, playing roles in taking down the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz and Victoriano Huerta. -
Battle of Ciudad Juarez
In 1911, Pancho Villa led a band of rebels who supported Madero’s ideas into the city of Juarez and ultimately captured the city. -
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Francisco Madero's Presidency
Francisco Madero was a Mexican revolutionary, writer, and statesman who served as the 37th president of Mexico from 1911 until shortly before his assassination in 1913. A wealthy landowner, he was nonetheless an advocate for social justice and democracy. -
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Victoriano Huerta's Presidency
Victoriano Huerta was the Mexican Army Chief. Huerta was widely opposed while president. Pancho’s Army in the North and Zapata’s Army in the South both revolted against Huerta. The United States also opposed him after he executed Madero in 1914. Because of this, the U.S. sent troops to occupy Veracruz, which almost led to war between the two countries. However, Huerta resigned in July and fled to Spain. -
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Venustiano Carranza's Presidency
José Venustiano Carranza De La Garza was one of the main leaders of the Mexican Revolution, whose victorious northern revolutionary Constitutionalist Army defeated the counter-revolutionary regime of Victoriano Huerta and then defeated fellow revolutionaries after Huerta's ouster.