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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
"We conclude that the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." —Chief Justice Earl Warren
Supreme Court upholds 14th Amendment decreeing "equal protection of the laws" and sets precedent for the inclusion of children with disabilities in public education. -
Amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)
Title VI amendment to provide funding for grants for education programs for children with disabilities. The newly enacted ESEA of 1965 was the first major federal legislation to address the education of disadvantaged children. -
Diana v. State Board of Education
Court ruled for the use non-verbal tests as well as extensive supportive data in assessing children's intellectual ability. -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (“P.A.R.C”) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Established that children with disabilities have the right to a public education.
In the Consent Agreement the Court stated that "all mentally retarded persons are capable of benefiting from a program of education and training" and that the state is obligated "to place each mentally retarded child in a free, public program of education and training appropriate to the child’s capacity". -
Mills v. Board of Education
Court states that no child could be denied a public education because of “mental, behavioral, physical or emotional handicaps or deficiencies" and that insufficient funds was no excuse for the denial of education to a child with a disability. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act or Public Law (PL) 94-142)- aka IDEA
Required all public schools to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities and stated disabled students should be placed in the least restrictive environment. The law supported more than 1 million children with disabilities who had been excluded entirely from the education system. -
Armstrong v. Kline
Allowed for an excess of 180 schooling days due to the findings that some children with disabilities will regress significantly if the educational process is disrupted for an extended period of time. -
Oberti v. Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District
LRE "least restrictive environment" accommodation of EHA with supplementary aids and services offered prior to segregated placement. Educational integration was the judicial preference established. -
IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act evolves from Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA)
Public Law 105-17 Expansion, revision and clarification of services and rights of students with disabilities and their parents. -
No Child Left Behind Act
A reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, NCLB addresses the demonstration of proficiency in mathematics, reading and science from all students, including those with special needs through standardized testing. Students with disabilities will have greater exposure to general education curriculum. -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
7th reauthorization of Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) allows for changes in accomplishing the goals of NCLB and includes the addition of evidence-based intervention for learning disabled students.
