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Júarez Law
The first of the Liberal Reform Laws were passed in 1855. The Juárez Law, named after Benito Juárez, restricted clerical privileges, specifically the authority of Church courts, by subordinating their authority to civil law -
Lerdo Law
called for the forced sale of most properties held by the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, common lands of indigenous communities, and by municipal and state governments -
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Railroad Expansion
Miles of railroad tracks in Latin America grew from 2,000 to 59,000; primarily owned by European & U.S. companies -
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Porfiriato
The rule of Porfirio Díaz was dedicated to the rule by law, suppression of violence, and modernization of all aspects of the society and economy. Diaz was an astute military leader and liberal politician who built a national base of supporters. The country's infrastructure was greatly improved, thanks to increased foreign investment from Britain and the US, and a strong, stable central government. -
First Refrigerator Ship
First refrigerator ship takes Argentine beef to Europe -
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Mexican Trade Exanded
Mexican trade expanded by 900 percent -
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Banana Republics
a small nation, especially in Central America, dependent on one crop or the influx of foreign capital. -
Abolition in Cuba
Slavery is abolished in Cuba by Spanish royal decree -
Brazilian Abolition
Golden Law, was the law that abolished slavery in Brazil. It was signed by Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (1846–1921), an opponent of slavery, who acted as regent to Emperor Dom Pedro II, who was in Europe -
"Birds Without a Nest" published
by Clorinda Matto de Turner, tells the story of the exploitation of the Quechua people in Peru. -
First Brazilian Republic Established
Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, declared Brazil a republic, and reorganized the government. First Brazilian flag after empire's fall, created by Ruy Barbosa, used between November 15th and 19th of 1889.
From 1889 to 1930, the government was a constitutional democracy, but democracy was nominal. -
American Influence
in Latin America overtakes British and European influence -
Destruction of Canudos
Part of the War of Canudos. A group of 30,000 settlers started their own community in Bahia, called Canudos. A large Brazilian army force overran the village and killed nearly all the inhabitants. -
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Spanish-American War
The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the US which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine islands. -
Annexation of Hawaii
US assists in a coup d'état against Hawaii and later annexes it. -
Rubber Boom Underway
Centered in the Amazon Basin, the boom resulted in a large expansion of European colonization in the area, attracting immigrant workers, generating wealth, causing cultural and social transformations, and wreaking havoc upon indigenous societies. -
Panama Canal
US led independence of Panama from Colombia. President Theodore Roosevelt oversaw the realization of a long-term United States goal—a trans-isthmian canal -
Roosevelt Corollary
The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly. -
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Mexican Revolution
Politically, the promulgation of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 is seen by many scholars as the end point of the armed conflict. “Economic and social conditions improved in accordance with revolutionary policies, so that the new society took shape within a framework of official revolutionary institutions,” with the constitution providing that framework. -
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U.S. Military Occupation of Nicaragua
part of the Banana Wars, when American troops forcefully intervened with various Latin American countries from 1898 to 1934. -
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U.S. Military Occupation of Haiti
The July intervention took place following the murder of dictator President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam by a mob angered by his political executions of elite opposition. -
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U.S. Military Occupation of the Dominican Republic
forced the Dominican Republic's Secretary of War Desiderio Arias, who had seized power from Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment -
Black Tuesday
New York Stock Market implodes, setting off the Great Depression