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Robert Hooke
He observed the first microorganisms because of the invention of the microscope. -
Gregor Mendel
He discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits. -
Louis Pasteur
He was described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing of beer, established the science of microbiology, and proposed the Germ Theory. -
Johann Miescher
found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. This later led scientists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism. -
Thomas Hunt Morgan
discovered that genes were on chromosomes. Also studyed fruit flies. -
Fred Griffith
Using mice, he proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
An isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotechnology drugs today. -
Chargaff
showed DNA in the number of units in thymine and guanine. -
Beadle and Tatum
proposed a hypothesis -
Avery, McCarthy, and McLead
established that DNA was the hereditary material that was transferred. -
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
established through X-ray crystallography that DNA was indeed a double helix -
Hershey and Chase
proved viruses replicated wusing DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary. -
Watson and Crick
discovered the structure of DNA -
Hayes
discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria. -
Walter Gilbert
discovered mechanismof gene expression through his study of messenger RNA -
Arber, Nathans, and Smith
discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA -
Khorana and Nirenberg
discovered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins. -
Vinograd
DNA plasmids were isolated and purified -
madel and higa
were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli -
Boyer and Cohen
Cloning experiments -
Genentech
the worlds first genetic engineering company, was founded -
Paul berg
140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul was the key organizer. -
Boyer
inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. coli -
Botstein
found one identifed pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by diff. enzymes. -
Louise Joy Brown
he was born the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg is later implanted in a womb. -
The U.S. Supreme Court
ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented. This resulted in a huge startup of biotech companies. -
Ohio University
scientists made the first transgenic animals. -
Eli Lilly Company
Company placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria. -
Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch
transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. -
Kary Mullis
invented polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA in the laboratory. -
Jeffries
applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases. -
An automated fluorescence
was invented for speeding up the labor- intense process. -
Genes
were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun. -
NIH
revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grownin greenhouses and animals raised in barns. -
Andrew Fire and Criag Mello
discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the warm
C. elegans. -
Kohler Millstein and Jerne
used monoclonal antibody technology. -
Maynard Olson
Colleagues at Washington University invented "yeast artificial chromosomes," or YACs, which are expression vectors for large proteins. -
Ian Wilmut
cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roselin Institute in Scottland. -
Sanger and Gilbert
found a way to sequence DNA. Given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. -
DNA microarray technology
looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip, was developed. -
Dabri and Garner
invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76,600 base pairs per hr. -
Ron Breaker
coined the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression. -
Francis Collins and Craig Venter
Announcement was made of the completion of the human genome project
