Biotechnology Innovations

"Cells" and the microscope

Mar 3, 1600

Robert Hooke coined the term "Cells" and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observered the first microorginisms with a microscope

Gregor Mendal

Mar 3, 1850

He discovered the laws of inheritence that allowed someone to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits using pea plants

Louis Pasteur

Mar 3, 1857

He described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing of beer, establsihed the science of microbiology

Johann Miescher

Mar 3, 1869

found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Mar 3, 1910

Discoreverd genes were on chromosomes

Penicillin and genitic material

Mar 3, 1928

Fred griffith used mice to prove gentic material could be moved and Sir Alexendar Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus

Chargaff

Mar 3, 1935

showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine equaled the number of thymine and the number of cytosine equaled those of guanine

Beadle and Tatum

Mar 3, 1941

They proposed "One Gene produces one enzyme" hypothosis

DNA

Mar 3, 1953

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilikins established that DNA was double helix. Watson and Crick discovered its structure. Hayes discorvered plasmid DNA

Walter Gilbert

Mar 3, 1961

discovered the mechanism of gene expression through study of messanger RNA

Arber, Nathans, and Smith

Mar 3, 1962

discorevered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA

Khora and Nirenberg

Mar 4, 1966

discovered the 64 codons that code for the amino acids making up proteins

Vinograd

Mar 4, 1967

DNA plasmids were isolated and purified

Madel and Higa

Mar 4, 1970

they were respnsible for the first transformation of the bacturirm Escherichilia coli

Boyer and Cohen

Mar 4, 1972

Cloning experminets

Genetech

Mar 4, 1973

first genetic engineering company was founded

Recombinant DNA

Mar 4, 1976

140 scientists drew up guidlines for work with recombiant DNA in micororganims. Paul Berg was a key organizer

DNA sequencing

Mar 5, 1977

Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA

Boyer

Mar 4, 1978

inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E.coli

Botstein

Mar 4, 1978

discovered the DNA fingerprint

Louise Joy Brown

Mar 4, 1978

the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish

U.S. Superme Court

Mar 4, 1980

ruled that gentically altered life forms can be patented and ohio scientists made the first transgenic animals

insulin gene

Mar 4, 1982

Eli Lilly comapny placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria

gene transfer

Mar 4, 1983

Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed pklants with agrobactruim-mediated gene transfer

Kary Mullins

Mar 5, 1983

invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the lab

Jeffries

Mar 4, 1985

applied RFLP in DNA profling to the study of criminal cases

Automated fluorescence sequencer

Mar 5, 1985

was invented, speeding up the labor-intense process

gene gun

Mar 5, 1985

genes were moved into an organism through use of a gene gun

NIH

Mar 4, 1994

they revised safety guidlines for recombinat DNA

Andrew Fire and Craig Mello

Mar 4, 1996

discovered RNA interfence

Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne

Mar 5, 1997

used monoclonal antibody technology

YAC's

Mar 5, 1997

Maynard Olson and colleagues at Washington University invented yeast artificial chromosomes which are expression vectors for large proteins

Ian Wilmut

Mar 5, 1997

cloned dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin instute in scotland

DNA chip

Mar 5, 1997

DNA microarrary technology was delelvoped

Dabri and Garner

Mar 5, 1999

invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capicatity of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour

Ron Breaker

Mar 5, 2002

coined the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression

Human Genome Project

Mar 5, 2003

it was completed by Francis Collins and Craig Venter