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7600 BCE
First genaration
At that time, biotechnology referred to the empirical practices of selecting animals, plants and their crosses, and fermentation as a process to preserve and enrich the protein content of food.
The biotechnological processes known empirically since ancient times and that constitute highly demanded products such as: beer, wine, bread, vinegar, cheese, yogurt, obtained by spontaneous fermentation, constitute the first biotechnological productions. -
7500 BCE
Neolithic period
Plant cultivation and animal domestication -
6000 BCE
Egyptians
Beer in Babylon and the description of the brewing -
6000 BCE
other empirically known biotechnological processes
Mushroom cultivation, food, fermented beverages and sewage treatment -
4000 BCE
4000 B.C
Bread and from wheat and application of yeast -
Year 1820
There was an initial development of microbiology and biochemical -
second generation
The second generation is characterized by the development of industrial biotechnology. -
Gregor Johann Mendel
He was an Augustinian Catholic monk and a naturalist. He formulated, through the work they carried out with different varieties of the pea or pea, the so-called Mendel's laws that gave rise to genetic inheritance. -
Louis Pasteur's birth
Louis Pasteur was an important French chemist and bacteriologist, who made great contributions to the field of science, and especially to the field of chemistry. He studied fermentation processes, discovered pasteurization, and developed the rabies vaccine, among other findings. -
mendel's death
died of nephritis (inflammation of the tissues of the kidney) on January 6, 1884 -
Development of industrial fermentative processes
the identification of fermentative microorganisms -
industrial fermentation technique
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Pasteur's death
Louis Pasteur died of Stroke on September 28, 1895 in Marnes-la-Coquette, France. end of the pasteur era -
Robert Koch made a contribution to bacteriology
Médico alemán. Se hizo famoso por descubrir el bacilo de la tuberculosis en (1882) (presenta sus hallazgos el 24 de marzo de 1882) así como también el bacilo del cólera en (1883) y por el desarrollo de los postulados de Koch. Recibió el Premio Nobel de Medicina en 1905. Es considerado el fundador de la bacteriología. -
biotechnological developments
In 1910, the rapid expansion of the petrochemical industry occurred, displacing biotechnological fermentation processes. -
Discovery of penicillin
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in the years 1928, which led to a large-scale production of antibiotics Currently it is widely used to deal with respiratory infections such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, meningitis or pneumonia. -
Era of antibiotics
As such it begins in 1928, when a British scientist named Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin while doing research on the flu. -
obtaining utility products
natural vaccines, vitamins, unicellular proteins, enzymes, industrial alcohol, among others -
discovery of the heloicodal structure of DNA
The double helix is the description of the structure of a DNA molecule. A DNA molecule consists of two chains that wind around each other like a spiral staircase. Each chain has a spine in which a sugar (deoxyribose) and a phosphate group alternate. was discovered by James Dewey Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, this discovery gave them the Nobel Prize for medicine -
Third generation
It started with the development of recombinant DNA technology.
Third generation biotechnology can be defined as the commercial application of living organisms or their products that involve the deliberate manipulation of their DNA molecules.
The knowledge developed was linked to the protection of animal and plant human health -
restriction enzyme
in 1972 Paul Berg isolated and used a restriction enzyme to cut DNA and in the same year berg obtained the first recombinant DNA molecule -
first genetic engineering experiments
In 1973 the first genetic engineering experiments were carried out by Cohen and Boyer. -
first recombinant organism
in 1973 Stanley Cohen, Herbert Boyer together with another scientist built the first recombinant organism with the use of specific enzymes -
DNA cut with restriction enzymes
in 1974 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer that DNA can be cut with restriction enzymes -
hybridoma technique
In 1975 the hybridoma technique was given, which consists in the production of monoclonal antibodies, this work was carried out by Milstein and Kohler. -
fusion of a cell that produces antibodies
in 1975 of fusing a cell producing antibodies -
Genentech
Founded in 1976, it is considered the company that founded the biotech industry. -
Nobel Prize for the discoverers of restriction enzymes
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans y Hamilton Smith -
the rules imposed by NIH (United States Department of Health and Social Services) are relaxed.
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the cloning of human IFN GAMMA
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) or also called immune interferon, is reported to be one that fulfills the function of preventing viruses from replicating when they enter cells or help destroy cells infected by viruses, bacterial cells or tumor cells -
insulin produced by bacteria
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved the use of human insulin produced by bacteria -
SIDA
In the United States and Fracia the AIDS virus was isolated -
First cloning and more
the first cloning is recorded and the entire AIDS genome is sequenced, in addition the DNA fingerprinting technique was introduced -
modified plants
Genetically modified plants to resist disease -
gene therapy experiments were performed on humans
that consisting of the introduction of specific genes into the patient's cells to combat certain diseases. at that time they were just beginning with human experimentation -
PCR technique
it is a molecular biology technique developed by Kary Mullis. Its objective is to obtain a large number of copies of a particular DNA fragment, starting from a minimum; in theory, it is enough to start from a single copy of that original fragment, or mold. -
Lissence for the first hepatitis B vaccine
A license was issued for the first hepatitis B vaccine -
Oncoraton
Leder and Timothy received the first patent for a genetically modified animal.
The animal was a mouse, which was genetically engineered to develop cancer rapidly, which would allow the mouse to be more suitable for use in scientific research on cancer. is currently called Oncoraton -
NCHGR
The National Center for Human Genome Research was founded in 1989 -
a transgenic cow
the first transgenic cow was created and the first studies of gene therapy were made -
Fourth generation
Advances emerged in the study of genomics (A set of disciplines related to the study of genomes and their applications in gene therapy, biotechnology, etc.). Protomics (it is the large-scale study of proteins, in particular their structure and function. ), gene therapy and applications thereof -
proteomics
The proteome is defined as the set of proteins that an organism, cell or organ expresses at a time and condition.
The most useful experimental tool for the investigation of protomics has been the separation of the samples using the high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis technique. Currently, genomics and proteonica generate huge databases, computer science is in charge of managing and exploiting this database. -
Gene therapy
Gene Therapy is a medical treatment that consists of manipulating the genetic information of diseased cells to correct a genetic defect or to endow cells with a new function that allows them to overcome an alteration. In the 90s, Ashanti Silva, being a 4-year-old girl who suffered from deficiency of the enzyme adenosine deaminase, was the first person to be treated with this method, being introduced into her body cells of leisure marrow, treated with genetic engineering. -
Dolly Sheep
first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Its creators were scientists at the Edinburgh Roslin Institute, Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell -
Genomics
The first results of the sequencing of the human genome were published.
differences between individuals of the same species are reflected in differences in genetic codes.
SNPs (polymorphous of a nucleotide) are marks within our genome associated with the differences that characterize us and the increased risk of diseases such as cancer
