-
1 CE
Sahelanthropus tchadenis
Earliest hominini from Chad
7-6 Ma
First evidence of bipedalism: Position and axis foramen magnum -
2
Orrorin tugenesis
Earliest hominini
Tugen Hill, Kenya
6 Ma
First evidence of bipedalism: femur suggest bipedalism, teeth suggest hominini -
3
Australopithecines
Primitive bipedalism, valgus knee, primitive pelvis
East, South Africa
4 Ma -
4
Homo habilis
Initial modification about 2.5 Ma -
5
Homo erectus
Modern bipedalism because of modern shape
bowl pelvis, strong muscle attachment
1.5 Ma -
6
Anatomical Markers
1.Foramen Magnum: forward/downwards, hole in skull, vertical in humans - support spinal cord
2.Non-grasping big toe: parallel to support locomotion
3.Valgus knee: close knee stance, femur at an angle to articulate tibia, center of gravity at mid-line
4.Barrel-shaped rib cage
5.Pelvic bowl: iliac blade curved forward, large surface attachment of muscles, aid in balance
6.S-shaped spine: balance - distribution of weight
7.Expanded tibial plateau: end of tibia expanded, extra shock absorbance,,,