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Ancient Greek with Plato and Aristotle 400 B.C
*Their contribution consists of the design of a curriculum beginning with the good grammar and the effective discourse (rhetoric).
*They culminated the development of dialectic -
Grammar Translation or Classical Method
It was the first method used in the teaching of Latin and Greek Characteristics:
* The interaction in the teaching process is based on the student-teacher relation
*Teacher is the authority in the classroom
*This approach was focused on the ability of analyzing language but not the ability to use it
*The language that is used is the student’s native language and the meanings of the new words are made clear by translation -
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Philosophical paradigm
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Direct Method
This emphasized exposure to oral language with listening and speaking as primary skills Characteristics:
* The meaning was related directly to the target language without TRANSLATION
* Teaching concepts and vocabulary were taught through pantomiming visual materials and real life objects
*It was focused on question answer patterns
*The native language shouldn't be used in the classroom
*The teacher should demonstrate but s/he shoudn't translate
* Grammar should be taught inductively -
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Volkerpsychologie (social psychology)
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Reading Method
This method was created by Michael West (UK)
* Its main goal is to increase learners' exposure through reading
Characteristics:
* This method attempted to expose students to the language by promoting reading vocabulary managment *This method and the way it focused on vocabulary was part of a greater method called
“THE GENERAL SERVICE LIST OF ENGLISH WORDS”
*The last 3 methods continued to hold until World War II -
The Audio-Lingual Method
This method belongs to the cognitive approach of language teaching.
it was developed in United States during World War II.
Its goal is to enable students the target language communicatively
-Principles:
*The teacher directs and controls the language behavior of her/ his students
*The target language is used in the classroom not the students’ native language
*Oral skills receive most of the attention
*New vocabulary and structures are presented through dialogues as imitation and repetition -
Universal Grammar
*It´s a theory in linguistics credited to Noam Chomsky
*It proposes that grammar is directly related to the brain
*Language is assumed as governed by cognitive factors (set of rules which were assumed to be innate)
*Development of language must involve three factors
1) Genetic endowment
2) External data
3) Principles not specific to the foreign language -
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Holistic and Integrative Perspectives
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Lexico-grammar and Self-learning
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Communicative competence
Hymes added this concept to emphasize that language competence consists of more than being able to from grammatically correct sentences.
-Characteristics:
*It was a reaction against Noam Chomsky distinction between competence and performance.
*This competence is referred to a language user’s grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology phonology as well as social knowledge
*Hymes states that grammar isn’t the main point in language but knowing how to use sentences and to whom. -
Systemic -Functional Grammar (SFG)
It’s a form of grammatical description originated by Michael Halliday -Characteristics:
*This approach highlights the communicative and dynamic nature of the language
*it defines language as a network of systems or interrelated sets of options for making communication possible, it is a mean of functioning in society -
Notional -Functional Syllabus
This approach is based on semantic categories
-It’s also known as a set of materials to be learned by students of a second language -Characteristics:
*Students practice language structures while learning to perform communicative activities
*It confirms that the language structures are organized to express different interactions or functions that are possible for different effects. They can express sympathy disagreement or c concern
*This involves on inventory of student’s roles as commu -
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
More than a methodology it was a defined set of classroom practices
It has as a main assumption that learners would acquire a second language using the subject matter content -Characteristics:
*An emphasis on learning to communicate through intonation in the target language
*The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation
*An enhancement of the learner´s own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning -
Krashen's Theory (SLA)
This theory posited that a second language was mainly unconsciously acquired through exposure to comprehensible Input (affective filter) Characteristics or hypotheses:
*The acquisition of the language is a product of a subconscious process and learning is the production of formal instructions
-Monitor hypotheses
-The input hypothesis
- The natural order hypotheses
-Affective filter hypotheses -
Focus on assessment and test validity
At this time language pedagogy and language assessment advanced ,before the tests were evaluated according to three main criteria
* validity
* reality
* practicality
Messick (1989) argued that tests couldn't be considered as valid or invalid based on the following factors :
-What reasonable inferences could be derived from the scores
-For what kind of examinee was the test suitable
- This method changed the way we see tests today now -
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New perspectives on teaching the four skills
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Computer-assisted Language
Technology had the greatest impact on applied linguistics
*It facilitated the incorporation of audio and video input into learning programs
*This method was defined as the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning *It had three historical phases:
-Behavioristic :1960 s and 1970 s
-Communicative:1970 s and 1980 s
-Integrative: 1990 s -2000 onwards
