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Indian National Congress
The goal of INC was to seek independence for all Indians, regardless of class or religious background. It was however initially focused on moderate reform under the British raj in India. However, some early 20th-century activists began to boycott British imports and promote Indian goods, garnering the support of a wide swath of social classes. -
Muslim League
A political group that led the movement for a separate Muslim nation at the time of the partition of British-India. The league was first encouraged by the British and generally favorable to their rule, but the organization wanted India's self-government in 1913. Leader Mohammed Ali Jinnah called for Hindu-Muslim unity in an independent India. They later wanted a Muslim state that would be separate from the independent India because it feared that India alone would be dominated by Hindus. -
Indian Independence Movement
The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were the leaders of this movement. -
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India Independence Movement
The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were the leaders of this movement. -
Salt March
Was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mahatma Gandhi. It lasted for 24 days where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt. -
Quit India Movement
was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India. They proved that India could not be governed without the support of Indians. -
African National Congress
The ANC adopted the ANCYL’s plan to achieve full citizenship for all South Africans through boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience and other nonviolent methods. Mandela helped lead the ANC’s 1952 Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws, traveling across the country to organize protests against discriminatory policies, and promoted the manifesto known as the Freedom Charter, ratified by the Congress of the People in 1955. -
Partition
The change of political borders and the division of other assets that accompanied the dissolution of the British Raj in South Asia and the creation of two independent dominions: India and Pakistan. -
National Party Policy of Separate Development
This separate development was sought to assign every black African to a 'homeland' according to their ethnic identity. Ten homelands were created to rid South Africa of its black citizens, opening the way for massed forced removals. -
Accra Riots
A protest march by unarmed ex-servicemen who were agitating for their benefits as veterans of World War II was broken up by police, leaving three leaders of the group dead. This was said to be "the straw that broke the camels back" because it marked the beginning of the Gold Coast becoming the first African colony to gain independence and what is now known as Ghana. -
The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
Was the prohibition of marriages between "whites" and "non-whites". It was among the first pieces of apartheid legislation to be passed following the National Party's rise to power in 1948. -
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Group Areas Act
This mandated residential segregation throughout the country. More than 860,000 people were forced to move in order to divide and control racially-separate communities at a time of growing organized resistance to apartheid in urban areas; the removals also worked to the economic detriment of Indian shop owners. -
Reference Book Law
It was a law that required all African males over the age of 16 to carry a “reference book” containing personal information and employment history. Africans often were compelled to violate the pass laws to find work to support their families, so harassment, fines, and arrests under the pass laws were a constant threat to many urban Africans. -
Pan Africanism
Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diasporas of African ancestry. This is still going on throughout the world today. -
Ghana Independence Movement
Ghana gained independence from Britain by becoming a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and was led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah who transformed the country into a republic, with himself as president, until he was overthrown by a coup. -
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Ghana Independence Movement
Ghana gained independence from Britain by becoming a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and was led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah who transformed the country into a republic, with himself as president, until he was overthrown by a coup. -
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Movement of Black South Africans
The apartheid government forcibly moved 3.5 million black South Africans in one of the largest mass removals of people in modern history. -
Armed Resistance Movement
An anti-apartheid resistance movement that used civil disobedience, and is what led Mandela to jail for almost 30 years. -
The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act
It declared that all Africans were citizens of “homelands,” rather than of South Africa itself—a step toward the government’s ultimate goal of having no African citizens of South Africa. -
Restoring Land
An agreement to restore land to its rightful owners was reached, certain communities returned to their ancestral land. -
Mandela's Retirement
When he retired from political life, he dedicated himself to humanitarian causes and foundations.