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Review + Mandela and Apartheid

  • Indian National Congress

    Indian National Congress
    The goal of INC was to seek independence for all Indians, regardless of class or religious background. It was however initially focused on moderate reform under the British raj in India. However, some early 20th-century activists began to boycott British imports and promote Indian goods, garnering the support of a wide swath of social classes.
  • Muslim League

    Muslim League
    A political group that led the movement for a separate Muslim nation at the time of the partition of British-India. The league was first encouraged by the British and generally favorable to their rule, but the organization wanted India's self-government in 1913. Leader Mohammed Ali Jinnah called for Hindu-Muslim unity in an independent India. They later wanted a Muslim state that would be separate from the independent India because it feared that India alone would be dominated by Hindus.
  • Indian Independence Movement

    Indian Independence Movement
    The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were the leaders of this movement.
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    India Independence Movement

    The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were the leaders of this movement.
  • Salt March

    Salt March
    Was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mahatma Gandhi. It lasted for 24 days where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.
  • Quit India Movement

    Quit India Movement
    was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India. They proved that India could not be governed without the support of Indians.
  • African National Congress

    African National Congress
    The ANC adopted the ANCYL’s plan to achieve full citizenship for all South Africans through boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience and other nonviolent methods. Mandela helped lead the ANC’s 1952 Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws, traveling across the country to organize protests against discriminatory policies, and promoted the manifesto known as the Freedom Charter, ratified by the Congress of the People in 1955.
  • Partition

    Partition
    The change of political borders and the division of other assets that accompanied the dissolution of the British Raj in South Asia and the creation of two independent dominions: India and Pakistan.
  • National Party Policy of Separate Development

    National Party Policy of Separate Development
    This separate development was sought to assign every black African to a 'homeland' according to their ethnic identity. Ten homelands were created to rid South Africa of its black citizens, opening the way for massed forced removals.
  • Accra Riots

    Accra Riots
    A protest march by unarmed ex-servicemen who were agitating for their benefits as veterans of World War II was broken up by police, leaving three leaders of the group dead. This was said to be "the straw that broke the camels back" because it marked the beginning of the Gold Coast becoming the first African colony to gain independence and what is now known as Ghana.
  • The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act

    The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
    Was the prohibition of marriages between "whites" and "non-whites". It was among the first pieces of apartheid legislation to be passed following the National Party's rise to power in 1948.
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    Group Areas Act

    This mandated residential segregation throughout the country. More than 860,000 people were forced to move in order to divide and control racially-separate communities at a time of growing organized resistance to apartheid in urban areas; the removals also worked to the economic detriment of Indian shop owners.
  • Reference Book Law

    Reference Book Law
    It was a law that required all African males over the age of 16 to carry a “reference book” containing personal information and employment history. Africans often were compelled to violate the pass laws to find work to support their families, so harassment, fines, and arrests under the pass laws were a constant threat to many urban Africans.
  • Pan Africanism

    Pan Africanism
    Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diasporas of African ancestry. This is still going on throughout the world today.
  • Ghana Independence Movement

    Ghana Independence Movement
    Ghana gained independence from Britain by becoming a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and was led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah who transformed the country into a republic, with himself as president, until he was overthrown by a coup.
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    Ghana Independence Movement

    Ghana gained independence from Britain by becoming a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and was led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah who transformed the country into a republic, with himself as president, until he was overthrown by a coup.
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    Movement of Black South Africans

    The apartheid government forcibly moved 3.5 million black South Africans in one of the largest mass removals of people in modern history.
  • Armed Resistance Movement

    Armed Resistance Movement
    An anti-apartheid resistance movement that used civil disobedience, and is what led Mandela to jail for almost 30 years.
  • The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act

    The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act
    It declared that all Africans were citizens of “homelands,” rather than of South Africa itself—a step toward the government’s ultimate goal of having no African citizens of South Africa.
  • Restoring Land

    Restoring Land
    An agreement to restore land to its rightful owners was reached, certain communities returned to their ancestral land.
  • Mandela's Retirement

    Mandela's Retirement
    When he retired from political life, he dedicated himself to humanitarian causes and foundations.