AP His unit 2

By seanothan
  • 1440

    Printing press invented

    Very important for the spread of the ideas of the reformation
  • Period: 1450 to

    Unit 2 Time span

  • Period: 1496 to 1561

    Menno simons life

    Responsible for the rejuvenation and spreading of Anabaptist ideas. This resulted in Anabaptistism, Mennonites Menno Simons followers were called, being spread from the Netherlands to areas like the US, Canada, northwestern Germany, Poland, and Lithuania.
  • 1503

    Erasmus "Prince of the christian knight" is published

    "Philosophy of Christ"
    - less emphasis on dogmatic beliefs and more emphasis on Christianity being a guiding philosophy for daily life. He emphasized inner piety rather than external forms of expressing religion
  • Period: 1509 to 1547

    King Henry VIII Rein

  • 1517

    Luther Issues Ninety-Five Theses

    In criticism of the catholic churches use of indulgences as a means to grant people salvation.
    A German translation was seen sympathetically in Germany because of the long tradition of dissatisfaction with the catholic church
  • 1519

    Leipstig Debate

    Luther was forced to defend his ideas of salvation but was also pushed to further commit to his ideas and even denied the authority of popes and councils.
  • Period: 1519 to

    Catherine De Medici Rein

    Moderate Catholic
    Wanted religious compromise with Huguenots
  • 1521

    Luther is excommunicated from the church

    Luther would not move on his position
  • 1521

    Luther is summed to the Riechstag and refuses to come

    Convened by Charles V (1519-1556)
    (The imperial diet of the HRE)
    The elector of Saxony (Luthers Prince) sent him into hiding in Wartburg Castle were he began work on a German translation of the New Testament
  • Period: 1521 to 1544

    Habsburg Valois Wars fought intermitently

    These wars were fought periodically throughout this time span
    Allowed Luther's movement to grow because Charles V was occupied with bigger issues
  • 1522

    Luthers Returns

    Begins to organize a reformed church using his translation of the new Testament into German
    Ideas were also spread using the state (Luther becomes close to the elite) and was able to get states to convert to Lutheranism
    Luther in the 1520s encountered resistance from within his ranks in Wittenberg (Adreas Carlstadt) who wanted even more radical reform and humanists like erasmus eventually breaking with him once the unity of christendom was being threatened.
  • 1523

    Zwingli defends ideas to City Council

    He wins the debate and is allowed to continue preaching his ideas
  • 1523

    Anabaptists expelled from Zurich

    Swiss brethren anabaptists
  • 1529

    Ottoman turks Advance to Vienna and are pushed back

    Posed significant threat to east side of Charles V empire, pushing through Hungary and moving into Vienna in Austria
    It was now Charles V had an opportunity to deal with the Lutheran situation in Germany
  • 1530

    Diet of Augsburg

    The turks had been pushed back, the seccond habsburg valois war was over, and the pope had been subdued.
    Charles demanded that Lutherans return to catholic church by April 15 1531
    In responce eight princes and 11 imperial cities form an alliance, the Schmalkaldic league
    Charles V then is occupied with invasion of the turks and two more Habsburg Valois wars. This took another 15 years.
  • 1531

    Schmalkaldic league formed

    Formed in response to diet of Augsburg in 1530
  • 1531

    Swiss Civil war of 1531

    War between Zurich and swiss catholic cantons.
    Zwingli had tried to ally with the lutherans in Southern Germany but had come to disagreements on the interpretation of the lords supper.
  • 1534

    Act of Supremacy (Britain)

    Declared the King as the supreme head of the church of England
    This was combined with the treason act, meaning that anybody who opposed the act of supremacy could be punished by death
  • Period: 1534 to 1549

    Pop Paul III

    Summoned council of Trent/formally recognized the Jesuits
    Still practices nepotism (Making nephews cardinals) but hired cardinals in favor of reform
    in 1535 he appointed a reform commission to look at the church and concluded that there were corrupt policies of popes of cardinals
  • Period: 1536 to 1564

    John Calvins time in Geneva

    Here John Calvin began to spread his interpretation of the bible
    Missionaries were trained and eventually Calvinism was established in France, The Netherlands, Scotland, and central and eastern Europe.
    Calvinism included Ideas such as predestination, some people are dammed and some are to be saved.
  • 1540

    Jesuits are recognised by pope paul III

    Full name: Society of Jesus
    Founded by Ignatius Loyola Mission: Counter reformation through education (based off of humanists schools)
    "The spiritual Exercises" was a training manual for spiritual development
  • 1541

    Ecclestial Ordanences Passed

  • 1542

    Roman Inquisition established

    Originally established to ferret out doctrinal errors
    Cardinal Caraffa (Soon to be Pope Paul IV) convinced Pope Paul III to implement this
  • Period: 1545 to 1563

    Council of Trent

    Met in 3 sessions in this time span
    Affirmation of catholic doctrine (faith/good works = salvation)
    Reformation of church practices (better teaching of catholic priests, stops selling indulgences)
  • 1546

    Luthers Death

  • Period: 1546 to 1547

    Schmalkaldic wars

    Luthers loose badly to Charles V imperial army at the battle of Muhlberg
  • Period: 1547 to 1558

    Sickly Edward VI

    Succeeded Henry VIII after his death
    Protestant changes implemented by Archbishop Cranmer implemented many protestant policies, including a book of common prayer, clergy can marry, and elimination of images.
  • 1550

    Calvanism replaces Lutheranism as the international form of protestantism

    This happens around the mid 16th century, the date is not exact.
  • 1552

    Schmalkaldic wars revived

    After Schmalkaldic league allies with new French king Henry II (A catholic)
    Charles V has to negotiate peace
  • Period: 1553 to 1558

    Mary

    Fully intended to restore England to be fully catholic again
    Unpopular because of her marriage to Philip II of Spain, who was strongly disliked in England.
    England ended as far more protestant after her rein than when it had started
  • 1555

    Peace of Augsburg

    Between Charles V and Schmalkaldic League
    Formally acknowledged the division in Christianity with Lutheranism being seen as equal to Catholicism.
    German rulers allowed to determine the religion of the empire, but not the individuals in an empire to decide their own religion.
    Rulers not allowed to be Calvanist
  • Period: 1555 to 1559

    Pope Paul IV

    "First true pope of the counter reformation"
    Created index of forbidden books
    Increased power of the inquisition so that even liberal cardinals were silenced
  • 1564

    John Calvin death

    Dies in Geneva
  • 1566

    Dutch Riots

    Destruction of Catholic church windows and statues. done because of Phillips attempts to crush Protestantism. Philip II sends the duke of Alva with 10,000 troops to crush the rebellion. There was the levying of a permanent sales tax. William of Nassau (William the silent) begins to mount a resistance.
  • Period: 1568 to

    The Dutch Revolt (Eighty years war)

  • 1572

    St Bartholemews day massacre

  • 1573

    Duke of Alva Removed

    Done by Philip II as a start to attempt to reduce conflict.
  • 1576

    Ultracatholics from holy league

    Ultracatholics led by Guise Family
  • 1576

    Pacification of Ghent

    Unified all 17 dutch provinces under William of Oranges leadership. The Spanish troops would be withdrawn and religious differences would be tolerated. The duke of Parma split the unified provinces into two halfs by exploiting the religious differences between the groups.
  • 1579

    Split of dutch provinces

    The union of Arras (Catholic union) is created in the southern half and is ruled by catholic Spain. The North half forms the protestant union of Utretch and remains under the rule of William of Orange and opposed Spanish rule.
  • Period: to

    War of Three Henries

    Henry of Navarre is crowned king and changes to Catholisism to keep his position. Henry (duke of guise) seizes Paris and made King Henry III make him Chief minister. Henry (duke of guise) is then assassinated by Henry III. Henry III then joins with Henry of Navarre to crush catholic holy league and retake Paris. This is successful. But Henry III was assassinated by a monk in 1589 for his cooperation with a protestant. Henry of Navarre is crowned king.

  • Henry of Navarre is crowned king of France

    This transfers France to a Bourbon monarchy instead of a Valois monarchy. (They are both branches of the same family)

  • Edict of Nantes (Later revoked by the edict of fontainebleau)

    Acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France.
    Allowed Huguenots to worship in selected places and granted them fortified towns.
    This religious toleration was done out of political necessity not out of conviction.

  • 12 year Truce

    Ended the conflict between the North and South half's of the provinces. Virtually recognized the independence of the north half, they would be considered officially independent in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The ten southern provinces remained under Spanish possession.
  • Period: to

    Bohemian Phase

  • Period: to

    30 years War

    http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyearswar.html (More info)

  • Battle of White Mountain

    After Ferdinand II Leader of the Catholic Union) is replaced by Elector Frederick V (Leader of the Protestant Union) conflict breaks out at the battle of white mountain. Ferdinand II wins and is restored to the throne. Catholics: 1
    Protestants: 0
  • Period: to

    Danish Phase

    King Christian IV led a battle into Northern Germany to support his fellow protestants and gain some catholic territories in Northern Germany. He is driven back, however, by Albrecht Von Wallenstein. This was Ferdinand II new commander. This brought the end of danish superiority in the Baltic. Catholics: 2
    Protestants: 0

  • Edict of Restitution

    Issued by Ferdinand II. Prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored land taken from the catholic church by the protestants. This, however, resulted in the dismissal of commander Wallenstein.
  • Period: to

    Swedish Phase

    Fighting as a protestant leader while being funded by the catholic French. (Swedish Swords, French Funds). The French choice to provide funding is from Cardinal Richelieu. Richelieu wants to fight against the Habsburgs to affect the balance of power. Catholics: 2
    Protestants: 1

  • Gustavus Adolphus dies

    at the battle of Lutzen. Swedish forces win but loose their king. This means the decline of Sweden active leadership in the war. This is a turning point.
  • Period: to

    Franco-Swedish Phase (Also called French Phase)

    Sweden pulls back and funds the French to continue fighting the war. (Swedish Stacks, French fists). This is the reverse of the Swedish phase of the war.

  • Peace of Westphailia

    Nobody really won the 30 years war. It weakened the Habsburgs (Dutch Netherlands made independent from Habsburgs) and Strengthens France. The Peace of Westphailia weakens the HRE. The emporer has no control over the princes of the empire. Brandenburg gains territory (This is what allows the rise of Brandenburg Prussia, and the unification of Germany in 1871). Alsace goes to France (point of contention between France/Germany in the future). Switzerland is made independent. Calvanism is Accepted.