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Constantinople's fall from the roman empire to the ottomans
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A series of English civil wars over control of the throne of England
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Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press which allowed books to be printed more easily.
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Columbus was hired by Spain to find a new way to India and instead he found a “new” continent
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Divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between the Spanish and the Portuguese
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A slave trade between Africa, Central Amarica, and “New England.”
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A council that was to decide Martin Luther’s ‘fate’ (mystical, I know)
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Peasants demanding agrarian rights and freedom from oppression by nobles started a war against the aristocracy
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A meeting between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli that attempted to solve a dispute over the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
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The primary confession of faith of the Lutheran church, and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation
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A style of painting, sculpture and (to a lesser extent) architecture, that emerged in Rome and Florence between 1510 and 1520, during the later years of the High Renaissance
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It was an alliance between Protestant princes and delegates of free cities, and a response to the threat of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to get rid of Lutheranism
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An act that showed that Henry VIII was more powerful than the church
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Creates an increase in simple education
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Basically denounces geocentrism
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A council that represented the counter protestant reformation
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A relatively short, violent war between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League.
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A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines
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A treaty between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League
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A massacre against the Protestant Huguenots
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A new way to keep track of time
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Granted Protestants rights
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There was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds.
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Based on research by both him and Tycho Brahe; solved the problem of planetary motion and helped prove heliocentric theory
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One of the most destructive conflicts in human history; it began as a religious civil war between the Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany; soon became a power struggle throughout all of Europe
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A series of wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, principally over the manner of England’s governance
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A series of treaties that largely ended the European wars of religion, including the Thirty Years’ War
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Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture
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Along with an increase in living standards, led to the depletion of natural resources. The use of chemicals and fuel in factories resulted in increased air and water pollution and an increased use of fossil fuels.
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Over the next decade, manufacturing will move from hand production in the home to machine production in factories.
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James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny allowing a worker to produce multiple spools of thread at the same time.
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Decolonization, the process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country.
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A power source in factories and other applications such as steam boats and trains.
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Multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government. Check and balances between the branches of government
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A period of time in France when the people overthrew the monarchy and took control of the government.
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A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual
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A group of countries in Europe who worked together and agreed on policies to maintain a steady balance of power
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Banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba.
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After the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte, this international conference was called to create a balance among the European powers.
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Napoleon's final army is decisively defeated.
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Communities of people started to identify themselves through institutions, common language and customs.Wanted to be unified as one German state and one central government.
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This changes the way people can communicate from long distances.
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Known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Spring of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848.
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Darwinism is a theory of how species change and grow overtime. Social Darwinism is the theory of evolution in cultural groups.
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A philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
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Beginning in the 1870s, European states established most empires in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
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German Unification in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
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A Jewish nationalist movement to create its own Jewish state.
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Modernism is to step towards changing what the traditional beliefs are, due to new ideas coming into play. These changes affected beliefs on art, music, as well as the education of countries.
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Troops and police open fire on a peaceful demonstration outside the Winter Palace
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This is the last straw that sparks the world war
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Results in abolition of the monarchy in Russia
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A series of spontaneous armed anti-government demonstrations of industrial workers and soldier
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The Bolsheviks take control of the Winter Palace
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Russia ends its participation in the First World War
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Peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and associated powers and by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles
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An international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles
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Fascist parties were created and means a political movement that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a government headed by a dictatorial leader
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The term is coined by Benito Mussolini and means a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state
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A federal agency created to craft policy according to women workers’ needs
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System by which the value of a currency was defined in terms of gold, for which the currency could be exchanged
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The New Deal was signed into law with a series of relief programs
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Style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism that represents a departure from modernism and has at its heart a general distrust of grand theories and ideologies as well as a problematical relationship with any notion of “art.”.
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Surprise Attack on the US from Japanese forces
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A brutal military campaign between Russian forces and those of Nazi Germany and the Axis powers
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Liberation Soviet soldiers were the first to liberate concentration camp prisoners in the final stages of the war
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Allied forces invaded northern France by means of beach landings in Normandy
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An American airplane dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare
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Took place between USSR and the United States
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He used the term “iron curtain” when saying “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”
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Generated a resurgence of European industrialization and brought extensive investment into the region, stimulated the U.S. economy. Applied solely to Western Europe
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Made “separate but equal” educational facilities illegal, provided an essential legal basis for activism against the institutionalized racism of Jim Crow laws
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Restores the Iron Curtain
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Prohibited sex discrimination for employment
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one of the first black feminist organizations
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The communist’s abandoned one-party rule in easter Europe
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The fundamentals of communism allow people to gain ridiculous amounts of governmental power. The fall was due to political instability from the upset lower to middle class people, the lack of easily distributable money for the people, and the changing social climate of the 80s and 90s
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Following the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany, the European Union was created in 1992 by the Treaty of Maastricht
