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Jan 2, 1348
Black Death
(1348-1351) One of the most devasting pandemics in human history. Occurred in Europe killing an estimated 75 to 200 million people. -
Jan 1, 1350
Start of the Renaissance
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Period: Jan 1, 1350 to Dec 31, 1550
Renaissance
Also known as the "rebirth". A cultural movement that started in Italy then spread to other parts of Europe. -
Jan 2, 1415
Council of Constance ends Great Schism
(1415-1417) The council ended the Great Schism and executed the Heretic Jan Hus. -
Period: Jan 1, 1450 to
Exploration
People finally had to courage to venture out of Europe to discover new lands. Such as Christopher Columbus discovering the New World. -
May 14, 1450
Start of Exploration
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Jan 2, 1453
End of Hundred Years' War
The battle of Castillion is considered the last battle of the war. The French defeated the English. -
May 29, 1453
Fall of Constantinople
This was the capture of the Byzantine capital by the Ottoman Empire. This marks the end of the Holy Roman Emprire. -
Jan 2, 1455
Invention of the Printing Press
Created by the German Johannes Gutenberg. Pretty soon it revolutionized how books were printed. -
Jan 2, 1492
Reconquista in Spain
Spain finally overthrows the Islamic control and takes over the Penisula from the Muslims. -
Oct 12, 1492
Columbia encounters America
Christopher Columbus discovers islands unintentionally looking for new trade routes to India. He makes a huge discover. -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Protestant and Catholic Reformation
Some people such as Martin Luther disagreed with the Catholic Church and started a reformation of the Church. Protestantism was born. -
Period: Jan 10, 1500 to
Price Revolution
Prices for many things such as gold and silver inflated. Also food prices inflated in a drastic amount due to lack of labor caused by the many deaths in the Black Plague. -
Feb 4, 1500
Start of Early modern Europe
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Period: Feb 4, 1500 to
Early Modern Society
Early Modern Society in Europe began roughly in the end of the Middle Ages to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Many changes occured such as the Science Revolution. -
Feb 12, 1500
Price Revolution
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Apr 7, 1500
Start of Protestant and Catholic Reformation
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Jan 2, 1517
Luther posts 95 Theses
The 95 Thesis started the Proclamation Reformation. Luther posted it at the doors of a church and rejected the validity of indulgences. -
Jan 2, 1519
Cortez conquers Aztecs
Cortez marches to the Aztec capital and claims the land for Spain. He brings the powerful Aztec Empire to its knees. -
Period: Jan 2, 1524 to
Religious Wars
A series of wars thar raged in Europe. They occured due to the Religious changes going on in the areas. -
Jan 15, 1524
Start of Religious Wars
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Nov 13, 1534
Act of Sumpremacy creates the Anglican Church
King Henry VIII declares himself the head of the Church of England after he has a dispute with the pope. -
Jan 2, 1536
Calvin establishes reformed faith in Geneva
John Calvin fled to Geneva and there he became a leader of the reformed faith. -
Jan 2, 1543
Copernicus publishes the Heliocentric theory
Copernicus publishes his theory on the Heliocentric model in 1543 stating the planets revolve around the sun and the sun is the center of the Solar System. -
Apr 8, 1543
Start of Scientific Revolution
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Period: Apr 8, 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
The emergence of modern science. Many discoveries and improvements occured. -
Jan 2, 1545
Council of Trent opens
The Council of Trent served as a counter-reformation Protestantism for the Catholic Church. -
Period: Mar 7, 1550 to
Age of Crisis
Europe faced many issues such as war but these issues are what set people to look for new resources and to set order in their countries. -
Apr 1, 1550
Start of Age of Crisis
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Period: Apr 10, 1550 to
Dutch Commercial Dominance
The Dutch entered a golden age once the Dutch East India Company was founded. It was a Dutch Monopoly due to their dominance on Asian trade. -
Apr 12, 1550
Start of Dutch Commercial Dominance
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Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsberg
A treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League. It officially ended the struggle in the Germanic area. -
Oct 25, 1555
Charles V abdicates
Charles V abdicates the territories in the Netherlands and then abdicates from the Spanish Empire. -
Jul 29, 1558
Defeat of Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada planned to invade England but the English fought back and defeated the Spanish Armada. -
Period: Feb 3, 1580 to
Witchcraft Scare
A period of time when thousands of people, mostly women were accused as witches by the Church. They were mainly burned at the stake. -
Feb 13, 1580
Start of Witchcraft Scare
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Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes granted rights to the Huguenots in France which was dominatly Catholic. -
Dutch East India Company founded
This was the first multinational company that carried a monoply for years in Asian trade. -
Start of Baroque Art
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Period: to
Baroque Art
A period of artistic style that started in around 1600. It exaggerated motion and made it easy to see drama and tension. -
Start of Commercial Revolution
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Period: to
Commercial Revolution
It was period of change that changed Europe's source of income. They discovered new trade routes to export and important goods. -
Stuart Monarchy begins in England
James VI became James I of England and the Stuart family came in control of England. He became King of Scotland, England and Ireland. -
Period: to
Conflict between Parliment and the King in England
A conflict arouse in England when King Charles I pretty much had absolute control of England. He refused to call Parliment which lead to a dispute. -
Start of conflict between Parliment and the King
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Period: to
Age of Loius XIV
Also known as the "Sun KIng", ruled longer than any european Monarch. He used absolute power to rule and France continued that system until the French Revolution. -
Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War. It also ended the Eighty Years' War between Spain and Dutch Republic. -
Charles I executed in England
A civil war spewed in England between the Puritans and the Calvinists. Cromwell captured Charles I and ordered him to be executed. -
Start of Commercial Wars
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Period: to
Commercial Wars
There was a commercial rivarly that between England and the Dutch. The two fought for the trade routes. -
Start of Rise of Prussia
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Period: to
Absolutism
Abslutism is when a leader has absolute power over the people in his state. An example is Louis XIV. -
Period: to
Rise of Prussia
Prussia grew as Frederick the I improved it's army. Frederick II continued it's reputation of bringing prosperity and greatness to Prussia. -
Start of Absolutism
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Newton publishes "Principia"
Newton published "Principia" with the help from Edmond Halley. Which discusses Newton's laws of gravitation. -
Glorious Revolution
Also known as the "Bloodless Revolution". It was the overthrow of King James II of England. -
Peter the Great reign's begin in Russia
Peter the Great expanded Russia's power by making it more European. The change of culture was based on the Enlightenment. -
Period: to
Rise of Russia
Ivan IV came to power and helped Russia come to power. They became more European and doubled their land area. -
Start of Rise of Russia
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Bank of England founded
The Bank of England was founded in order to make loans to build a better navy for England since the French defeated the British navy. -
Period: to
Enlightenment
An era where there was a huge change in culture and how people thought. Many leaders influenced people into thinking differently. -
Start of Enlightenment
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Period: to
Rise of Middle Class
The middle class began to expand and improve as people started using their skills to make income. Developement of technology contributed to this. -
Start of Rise Middle Class
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Start of Agricultural Revolution
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Period: to
Agriculture Revolution
An increase in labor and productivity helped to create an increase in agricultural production in the 18th century. -
Peace of Utrecht
A series of treaties due to the War of Spanish Succession in Ultecht. (1713-1715) -
Death of Louis XIV
Louis XIV had the longest period of rule in European history. He died after 72 years in reign. -
Period: to
Rococo Art
This new artistic style developed in the 18th century in France. This style had light colors and curves, different than Baroque. -
Start of Rococo Art
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War of the Austrian Succession begins
The war began as France and Prussia challenged the Habsburg power. Austria was supported by Britain and the Dutch. -
Start of Industrial Revolution
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Period: to
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution was a period of change to better manufacturing. New inventions arouse that helped make manufacturing more efficent. -
Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years' War
It was a treaty signed by the kingdoms of Britain, France, and Spain. Britain won the war. -
Smith publishes " Wealth of Nations"
Adam Smith published the world's first description of a nation's economics. -
American Revolution
The Americans in the British colonies declated their independence from Great Britain in 1776. -
Period: to
Age of Revolutions
A period of time where a significant amount of revolutions occured. It weakened many European states as it lost land in the New World. -
Start of Age of Revolutions
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French Revolution
A revolution inspired by radical ideas in France. The cause of the war was that France was heavily in debt while the nobles kept spending their wealth. -
Start of Feminism
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Period: to
Feminisim
A movement that started for the rights of women. Women wanted to prove they weren't inferior to men. -
Rise of Nationalism
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Wollstonecraft begins feminst Movement
Mary Wollstonecraft publishes "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" which causes ideas to rise. This starts a feminist movement. -
Napoleon comes to power
Napoleon took power in 1799. In 1804 he is crowned emperor to France. -
Start of Romantisicm
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Period: to
Romanticism
An artisitc and intellectual movement that occured in Europe. Romanticism included a lot of feelings into the artwork. -
Abdication of Napoleon
After his defeat in Waterloo, the Royal Navy forced him to surrender. Louis XVIII came to power. -
Start of Rise of Liberalism
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Period: to
Rise of Liberalism
A political movement that occured during the Enlightenment. Supported free trade and opposed absolute monarchies. -
Revolution in France
Also known as the July Revolution. This was the overthrow of King Charles X. -
Belgian and Greek Independence
A conflict that led to the succession of to the establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium. Also in another conflict, Greece finally became indpendent in 1832. -
Revolutions of 1848
They were a series of revolutions that spewed in Europe in 1848. It also spread to the Latin American area. -
Start of Unification and Nation building
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Period: to
Unification and Nation Building
The people in Germanic states came together and united. They turned into a Prussian-German nation -
Start of Realism and Materalism
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Second Industrial Revolution
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Start of Imperalism
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Start of Modern ideas and Science
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Rise of Modern Society
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Period: to
Realism and Materalism
An artistic movement that started in France in 1850. Realists rejected Romantism. -
Period: to
Second Industrial Revolution
Also known as the Technological Revolution. It was a phase larger than the first Industrial Revolution which included many inventions. -
Period: to
Imperialism
A period where countries exhibited their power through controlling colonies. Africa was controlled through many different European countries. -
Period: to
Modern Ideas and Science
This was a period of chance where science became institutionalized. It became a source of growth of knowledge. -
Period: to
Rise of Modern Society
A period where lifestyles changed. Life became more urban and many things improved such as technology. -
Crystal Palace Exhibition in England
Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, had great success in its exhibition. It showed the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. -
British rules India
British India was given direct rule to the British crown in 1858. Queen Victoria governed the colonies. -
Darwin publishes "Origion of Species"
Written by Charles Darwin, is considered the foundation of evolutionary biology. -
Russian Serfs emancipated
Tsar Alexander II declared that the serfs were free in 1861. This was not appreciated by the serfs however. -
Italian Unification
Many conflicts continued as Italy struggled to be unified. Finally in March 27, 1861, Rome was declared the capital. -
Modern art
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Period: to
Modern Art
Modern artists experimented with new ideas about nature and materials. An example of an Modern artist was Vincent Van Gogh. -
Unification of Germany
The politically divided Germanic States finally came together in 1871 as one nation state. -
Berlin Confederence over Imperalism in Africa
Regulated European colonization in Africa and trade during the Imperalism period. Germany first emerged as an imperial power. -
Freud publishes "Interpretation of Dreams"
Written by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, it discussed the unconscious mind and intepretation of dreams. -
Einstein publishes relativity theory
Einstein published the theory of relativity in 1905. This theory was based on imperical discovery not hypothesis. -
Revolution in Russia
The revolution started due to several political problems occuring in Russia at the time. The revolutionaries soon calmed down after a series of reforms. -
World Wars
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Period: to
World Wars
World wars were wars that included many countries and were considered a global war. This period included WWI and WWII. -
World War I
The first global war that started in 1914. Two forces fought that were world's strong economic powers. -
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
A series of revolutions that ended the Tsarist autocracy. Nicholas II was the last Tsar to rule. -
Treaty of Versailles
This was the treaty that ended World War I. It ended the War between Germany and the Allied forces. -
Totalitarianism
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Period: to
Totalitarianism
Defined as the state controls all the people in a state and tries to have as much authority as they can in a society. -
Fascists and Mussolini come to Power in Italy
The national Fascist Party under Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922. -
Great Depression begins
The Great Depression was a severe global depression. It started in the United States. -
Hitler comes to power
Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933. Taking advantage the recent depression, he persuaded the people. -
Munich Conference
The Munich Conference was an agreement to annex portions of Czechoslovakia that inhibited German speakers. -
World War II starts
The second global what that started in 1939 that included the major powers of the world. -
Cold War
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European Unity
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Period: to
Cold War
It was a state of political tension after WWII between the US and The Soviet Union. -
Period: to
European Unity
Led to the creation of the European Union after WWII. It was created as an attempt to prevent any future wars in Europe. -
End of WWII and Creation of UN
WWII ended in 1945 with the defeat of Japan and Germany. After WWII, the UN was created to attempt to keep peace and prevent any future genocides. -
NATO formed
The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949. It was a millitary alliance between the US and several European countries. -
ECSC formed
This organization which consisted of a few European countries was made to prevent any future wars between France and Germany. -
Stalin dies
Joseph Stalin, leader of Russia dies in March 5, 1953. -
Khrushchev de-Stalinization speech
Also know as his "Secret Speech". He denounced Stalin's purges and wanted to change things in the Soviet Union. -
Hungary revolt
A nationwide revolution against the government and the Soviet Union Policies. The revolution was crushed by the Soviet Union. -
Treaty of Rome creates EEC
An organization to bring Economic integration between a few European countries. -
Sputnik launched
Sputnik 1 was the first artifical satellite launched by the Soviet Union. This started the Space Race. -
Fifth Republic in France
The collapse of the Fourth Republic of France. A new draft of the French Constitution was created. -
Berlin Wall erected
It was a barrier constructed in 1961 to seperate East Germany and West Germany. -
Second Vatican Council begins
This council addressed the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. -
Cuban Missle Crisis
This was a 13 day crisis in which the Soviet Union had missles deployed in Cuba. A blockade was sent to prevent any more missles from enterinf Cuba. This was the closest the Cold War came to a nuclear war. -
Czech "Prague Spring" revolt
Many reforms in Czechoslovakia against the Soviet Union that fought for citizen rights in 1968. -
John Paul II elected pope
John Paul was elected as pope in 1978. He helped end communist rule in Europe. -
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
The Afghan government seeked assistance of the Soviet Union to stop the rebels in their country. This led to a civil war in Afghanistan. -
Solidarity founded in Poland
Solidarity was a trade union founded in Ppland in 1980. This was the first trade union in the Warsaw Pact countries not controlled by the Communist party. -
Gorbachev comes to power in the Soviet Union
Gorbachev came to power and attempted to change the Soviet Union through many reforms but failed. -
Berlin Wall collapses and Fall of Communism
In 1989, the Germans finally started demolishing the wall. This was part of a revolutionary wave to end Communism in Europe. -
Balkan conflicts begin
The Communists lost power across the country. Separists parties gained power and certain areas started to break apart. -
Break up the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union finally dissolved in 1991 into 15 countries and several countries abandoned communism. -
Creation of EU
It was a treaty to create an European Union and the creation of the currency, the Euro. -
Euro Currency Introduced
Europe's new currency, the euro was finally introduced on January 1, 1999. -
Terrorist attacks on the United States
Four planned terror attacks occurred in Septemeber 11, 2001. Four planes were hijacked and targeted the World Trade Center, Pentagon, and Washington D.C.
