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Period: 1337 to 1453
100 Years' War
fought between England and France, caused by conflict over the French succession -
1440
printing press
by Johannes Gutenberg -
Period: 1478 to
Spanish Inquisition
no one expects the spanish inquisition!! but seriously how was this not formally ended until the nineteenth century -
Aug 3, 1492
Columbus sails west
commissioned by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain -
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
signed between Spain, Portugal, and Pope Alexander VI; set up a line of demarcation that gave Spain the Americas and Portugal Africa and Asia -
1497
Vasco de Gama sails around Africa
victory for Portugal -
Period: 1508 to 1512
Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling
commissioned by Pope Julius II -
1509
Erasmus's "In Praise of Folly"
satire about the upper classes and religious institutions, pushes for reform in the Catholic Church -
1517
Da Vinci's "Mona Lisa"
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Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther's 95 theses
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1519
reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V begins
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1521
Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztecs
not v cash money of u dude -
1532
Machiavelli's "The Prince"
published five years after Machiavelli died -
1534
Ignatius Loyola founds the Jesuits
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Period: 1545 to 1563
Council of Trent
important event during the Counter Reformation where Church officials met to mend doctrinal and practical differences within itself -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
signed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their domain -
1558
reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England begins
she succeeds Mary Tudor, her half sister -
1567
Peter Breughel's "The Wedding Feast"
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1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
massacre of aristocratic Huguenots by French Catholics, cripples the Huguenot movement -
Period: 1581 to
Dutch Golden Age
under the Dutch Republic -
Edict of Nantes
signed by King Henry IV of France, granted religious freedom to French Protestants -
Dutch East India Company is founded
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reign of Tsar Mikhail Romanov of Russia begins
begins the Romanov dynasty that would rule until 1917 -
Period: to
30 Years' War
part of the European wars of religion that occurred in Central Europe during the 17th century -
Cardinal Richelieu becomes first chief minister of France
under Louis XIII -
Galileo is accused of heresy
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Descartes "Discourse on Method"
"I think, therefore I am" -
Rembrandt's "Night Watch"
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Cardinal Mazarin becomes chief minister of France
under Louis XIV after Cardinal Richelieu's death -
Period: to
English Civil War
remember: James I, Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II, James II, William and Mary -
reign of King Louis XIV of France begins
his reign is arguably the most iconic absolute monarchy in history -
Peace of Westphalia
ended the 30 Years' War -
Period: to
the Fronde
French civil wars between Louis XIV and the princes, nobility, courts, and most of the peasantry; Louis won tho because he's a G -
Thomas Hobbes's "The Laviathan"
one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory, argues that people are inherently evil and that they need a strong ruler to guide them -
Jean-Baptiste Colbert hired
under Louis XIV -
reign of Tsar Peter the Great begins
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Newton's law of universal gravitation
every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers -
Period: to
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary take over -
John Locke's "Two Treatises of Government"
the First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the Second Treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory (yes I copy-pasted from Wiki, what about it) -
Period: to
War of the Spanish Succession
Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV's grandson) was confirmed as king of Spain in return for accepting its permanent separation from France, the Spanish Empire remained largely intact, but ceded territories in Italy and the Low Countries to Austria and Savoy; Britain acquired significant trade concessions in the Spanish Americas and replaced the Dutch as the leading maritime and commercial European power -
city of Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great
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Act of Union
unites England and Scotland, much to Scotland's dismay -
Period: to
Peace of Utrecht
a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, allowed Philip V (grandson of King Louis XIV of France) to keep the Spanish throne in return for permanently renouncing his claim to the French throne, along with other necessary guarantees that would ensure that France and Spain should not merge -
Hanover rule begins in England
with George I -
reign of King Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia begins
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Period: to
War of the Austrian Succession
the last Great Power conflict with the Bourbon-Habsburg dynastic conflict at its heart, marked the rise of Prussia as a major power; France and Prussia challenge Maria Theresa's right to inherit the Holy Roman Empire -
Period: to
Denis Diderot is chief editor of the Encyclopedia
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Montesquieu's "Spirit of Laws"
book comparing laws; advocated for a constitutional system of government with separation of powers, the preservation of legality and civil liberties, and the end of slavery -
Period: to
Seven Years' War
a struggle for global primacy between Britain and France, called the French and Indian War in America; Britain ultimately won and became the world's greatest colonial and naval power -
Voltaire's "Candide"
critique of political and religious oppression, sexual violence against women, and the corruptive power of money -
Rousseau's "Emilie"
a treatise on the nature of education and on the nature of man, served as the inspiration for what became a new national system of education in France -
reign of Empress Catherine the Great of Russia begins
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reign of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II begins
at first he co-ruled with his mother Maria Theresa, then gained sole rulership in 1780 -
James Watt's improved steam engine
greater efficiency model of Thomas Newcomen's steam engine -
first partition of Poland
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, engineered the partition to prevent Austria, jealous of Russian successes against the Ottoman Empire, from going to war; Poland was split among Austria, Russia and Prussia -
Period: to
Cossack Rebellion
Pugachev's Rebellion was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II seized power in 1762, began as an organized insurrection of Cossacks headed by Yemelyan Pugachev (who "abolished" serfdom) against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire; presented a challenge to the imperial administration of Catherine II. -
Period: to
American Revolution
you go you funky little colonies -
Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"
laissez-faire capitalism -
Period: to
French Revolution
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
set out a series of individual rights protected by law -
Tennis Court Oath
vowing "not to separate and to reassemble wherever necessary, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established"; strengthening of the Third Estate and the creation of a constitutional monarchy -
second partition of Poland
occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation of 1792, was split between Russia and Prussia; ratified by the coerced Polish parliament in an attempt to prevent the inevitable complete annexation of Poland -
Committee of Public Safety established
by Maximilien Robespierre -
execution of King Louis XVI of France
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third partition of Poland
the last in a series of the partitions of Poland among Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918; followed by a number of Polish uprisings during the period -
Period: to
The Directory
weak dictatorial government created after the Reign of Terror, would be replaced by Napoleon Bonaparte's stronger dictatorship -
Napoleonic Code enacted
major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws, made laws clearer and more accessible; established the supremacy of the man over the wife and children, women had fewer rights than a minor, divorce by mutual consent was abolished in 1804 -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
attempted to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe, resized the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace -
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon is defeated, marks the end of the First French Empire