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Missionary Diplomacy
Missionary Diplomacy is developed during Wilson’s administration
According to the Missionary Policy the U.S. had any right to deny
recognition to any Latin American country if they were oppressive,
undemocratic, or hostile
Missionary diplomacy was the policy of President Woodrow Wilson that Washington had a moral responsibility to deny diplomatic recognition to any Latin American government that was not democratic. -
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Acquisition of Alaska
For about two cents an acre, the United States had acquired a land rich in timber, minerals, and, as it turned out, oil
In 1867, Seward arranged for the U.S. to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million.
Some people thought it was silly to buy what they called “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s folly.”
In 1959, Alaska became the 49th state. -
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Acquisition of Hawaii
Hawaii would provide a strategic naval base in the Pacific.
In 1887, they pressured Hawaii to allow the United States to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor, the kingdom’s best port ( The base became a refueling station for American ships)
The islands were an excellent gateway to East and Asian trade.
Sugar
One of the most crop source sold to The U.S
In 1875, the United States agreed to import Hawaiian sugar duty-free.
the McKinley Tariff of 1890 provoked a crisis
Hawaii became a 50th state 1959 -
Maine battleship was made
One of the ships that made the American naval power went up. -
Oregon battleship was made
Oregon and Maine played a very vital role during the Spanish-American war.
One of the most modernized battle ship at that time -
Cuba revolution for independence
José Martí, a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York, launched a revolution in 1895.
using an active guerrilla campaign and deliberately destroying property, especially American-owned sugar mills and plantations for Cubans resistance against Spain
Martí counted on provoking U.S. intervention to help the rebels achieve Cuba Libre!—a free Cuba.
In 1896, Spain responded to the Cuban revolt by sending General Valeriano Weyler to Cuba to restore order. -
Reasons for Imperialism
-Desire for military strength
US decides to build up military presence
around world because other nations are
doing so
Alfred T. Mahan: US Navy leader who
believed that US had to build up navy to
compete with other nations
US does this and becomes 3rd largest
naval power
-Desire for new markets
have more people
to sell products
-Desire for cultural superiority
Social Darwinism, racism, and desire to
spread American beliefs (including
Christianity) fuel Imperialism -
USS Maine exploded
On February 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana. More than 260 men were killed
In 1898, however, American newspapers claimed the Spanish had blown up the ship. -
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Spanish American war
Causes of the war
USS Maine Explodes.
Protect American business in Cuba.
America supports Cuba’s independence from
Spain.
Yellow Journalists call for war.
During the war
US equipped with Civil War-era rifles
Only 460 Americans die in battle
5,200 Americans die of disease
US Navy added 8 battleships in 1890s
The Navy battle Spanish ships in
the Philippines and destroy Spanish fleet in the Pacific
The US Army defeats Spain at the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba -
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Aftermath of the Spanish American war
August 12, 1898 - the U.S. and Spain signed an armistice, ending the war in Cuba and the Philippines
December 10, 1898 - U.S. and Spain met in Paris to formulate the Treaty of Paris
February 6, 1899 - President McKinley approved the Treaty of Paris
Cuba gains their independence
America becomes a world power
Territories :
-Puerto Rico
-Guam
-The Philippines
US continues to fight in the Philippines against rebels led by Emilio Aquinaldo
After McKinley is shot in 1901, Roosevelt
becomes president,. -
Military rule
GENERAL MILES WAS THE MILITARY LEAD OF THE PUETRO-RICAN GOVERNMENT AND ISSUED A STATEMENT ASSURING THAT THE AMERICANS WERE TO BRING THE PUERTO RICANS PROTECTION
FOR THIS TIME PUERTO RICO WOULD BE CONTROLLED BY THE MILITARY UNTIL CONGRESS SAID OTHERWISE -
The treaty of Paris
On December 10, 1898, the United States and Spain met in Paris to agree on a treaty. At the peace talks, Spain freed Cuba and turned over the islands of Guam in the Pacific and Puerto Rico in the West Indies to the United States.
Spain also sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.
The Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, further guaranteed Cuba the independence that its nationalist leaders had been demanding for years. -
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Philippines American war
US CALLED TO ANNEX THE PHILIPPINES IN THE TREATY OF PARIS SO THEY REBELLED AND WERE LEAD BY EMILIO AGUINALDO.
WHEN THE REBELS BEGAN TO USE GUERILLA TACTICS, US FORCED FILIPINOS TO LIVE IN DESIGNATED ZONES WITH POOR CONDITIONS.
TOOK NEARLY 3 YEARS FOR THE AMERICANS TO END THE WAR, COSTING 20,000 FILIPINO REBEL LIVES, 4,000 AMERICANS, AND $440 MILLION DOLLARS
AFTER WAR- AMERICANS APPOINTED GOVERNOR AND UPPER HOUSE WHILE FILIPINOS SELECTED LOWER
HOUSE.
THEY FINALLY GOT INDEPENDENCE ON JULY 4, 1946. -
John Hay Open Door Notes
IN 1899 JOHN HAY WROTE SEVERAL POLICY STATEMENTS TO OTHER IMPERIALIST COUNTRIES
THESE WERE INSPIRED BY FEAR THAT CHINESE COLONIES WOULD PREVENT THE US FROM DOING TRADE WITH THE COUNTRY
THESE ”OPEN DOOR NOTES” WERE PROPOSITIONS THAT NO COUNTRY WOULD HAVE SOLE RIGHTS TO TRADE WITH ANY PART OF CHINA
Hay Believed that establishing equal access to commerce would benefit American traders and the U.S. economy and hoped that the Open Door would also prevent disputes between the powers operating in China -
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The Boxer Rebellion in China
THE FOREIGN INFLUENCE EXERTED BY ALL OF THE COUNTRIES IN CHINA
INFURIATED THE CHINESE
THIS ANGER PRESENTED ITSELF IN SEVERAL REBELLIONS, THE LARGEST OF WHICH WAS CARRIED OUT BY THE BOXERS*
THE BOXER REBELLION ENDED WHEN US, BRITISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, AND JAPANESE TROOPS MARCHED ON THE CHINESE CAPITAL, KILLING THOUSANDS OF CHINESE PEOPLE DURING THE CONFLICT
Location Northern China Yellow sea -
Foraker Act
Legislation passed by Congress in 1900 in which The US ended Military rules in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government
FORAKER ACT- LEGISLATION PASSED BY CONGRESS IN 1900 IN WHICH THE US ENDED MILITARY RULE IN PUERTO RICO AND SET UP A CIVIL GOVERNMENT
1901- US SUPREME COURT RULED THAT THE CONSTITUTION DIDN’T APPLY TO PEOPLE IN TERRITORIES -
Platt Amendment
- Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory
- The United States reserved the right to intervene in Cuba
- Cuba was not to go into debt that its government could not repay
- The United States could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations
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Panama Independence
-Many Americans want a canal that cuts through Central America would greatly reduce ship travel time
-The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 gives US is given exclusive
rights to build and control a canal
-2 routes proposed: One through Nicaragua, one through Panama
-Decided to choose Panama Routes but it contains lots of swamps
-Must get permission from Colombia (owns Panama) to buy lands
-Negotiations fail, US works with Panamanians to rebel against
Colombia
-Panama wins independence on Nov 3, 1903 -
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Construction of Panama Canal
Panama signs agreement w/ US to build canal for
$10million and US will pay $250,000 rent each year, begin paying
in 1913
Building begins in 1904 and ends in 1914
Costs US $380 million
Builders fight problems like several diseases ( yellow fever,
malaria) and very soft volcanic soil
August 15, 1914 Canal opens for business and more than
1,000 ships pass through the first year
Foreign relations with Latin America are damaged due to how
US got the territory for the canal -
Roosevelt Corrolary
Late 1800’s Latin American Nations borrowed huge amounts
of $$$ from Europe for internal developments (railroads,
industries)
TR didn’t want Europe intervening in Latin A if they defaulted
on loans, wants US to be primary power
1904 Roosevelt Corollary:
- Monroe Doctrine – (Europe stay out of Latin A)
- Corollary adds to this US would now use force to protect economic interests in Latin A.
Big Stick Diplomacy “Speak softly and carry a big stick” -
Roosevelt noble peace prize
The successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize.
Theodore Roosevelt, President of the USA, received the Peace Prize for having negotiated peace in the Russo-Japanese war in 1904-5. -
United State naval base at Pearl Habour
they pressured Hawaii to allow the United States to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor, the kingdom’s best port ( The base became a refueling station for American ships. ) -
Dollar Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy was enacted under Taft's administration
Dollar Diplomacy was when the U.S. would go into foreign countries and ensure they were working on their loans to the American business men
Ex. Nicaragua was in debt, America was repaid by taking their custom duties
Dollar Diplomacy was created o ensure the financial stability of a region while protecting and extending U.S. commercial and financial interests there. -
The Mexican Revolution
Porfirio Diaz had been the ruler of México and friend of the U.S for 30 years
He had encouraged large investments in coal, oil, RR’s, and ranches in his country by Americans
In 1911 the peasants overthrew Diaz Francisco Madero became the leader
President Wilson refused to recognize the new country because
of its violence -
Rebellion in Mexico
Mexico does not like Carranza and they launch another rebellion led by San Francisco Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
They did not like Carranza’s government
Villa did not like the US either because they had recognized the government they wanted to overthrow
Villa took American miners off and shot them
General John J Pershing and 15,000 men were in charge of finding Villa dead or alive(many were black soldiers known as Buffalo soldiers) Mexico Threatens War so The US back off
Pershing call home -
The end of American Imperialism, the beginning of WWI
the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in 1914
The expansion of European nations as empires (also known as imperialism) can be seen as a key cause of World War I, because as countries like Britain and France expanded their empires, it resulted in increased tensions among European countries.
The US joined World War I for three main causes including moral, economic, and political reasons.
Economically, American citizens entered war to secure economic productivity better yet, make a profit. -
Ruling Puerto Rico
PUERTO RICO BECAME A PART OF THE US AFTER THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
LUIS MUÑOZ RIVERA WAS ONE OF THE MOST VOCAL ADVOCATES OF PUERTO RICAN SELF RULE
CONGRESS INVITED RIVERA TO COME SPEAK ON BEHALF OF PUERTO RICO ON MAY 5,1916
THE PEOPLE OF PUERTO RICO WERE MADE US CITIZENS 3 MONTHS LATER AFTER RIVERA DEATH
SOME PUERTO RICANS WANTED STATEHOOD OR LOCAL
SELF-GOVT INSTEAD OF US CITIZENSHIP RESULT: AMERICANS DIDN'T’ SPECIFICALLY GIVE THEM PROMISES REGARDING INDEPENDENCE AFTER THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. -
Philippines independence
Under American rule, the Philippines finally became an independent republic -
Alaska became the 49th state of the US
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Hawaii became the 50th state of the US
