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Delunder Satan Law of 1647
Law establishing that for every town of "fifty or more households to make provision for reading and writing of children. If towns grew to one hundred households, they were to establish grammar schools.(Kodaly p.119)" These laws excluded blacks that were enslaved. -
Stono Rebellion
A slave hailing from Angola by the name of Jemmy led a rebellious group of slaves throughout Charles Town, South Carolina. During the revolt Jemmy and the group executed white slaveholders, and " burned plantations and towns.(O'Dell, W. p.41)" While continuing the march towards freedom Jemmy and the group encountered Lt. Governor Bull and his militamen. A fight ensued between the two, leaving several from both groups dead. Lt. Bull and his men were able to end the revolt. -
Slave Codes
Following the Stono Rebellion South Carolina enacted one of the first slaves codes known as The Negro Act of 1740. This Act prohibited "slaves from assembling, growing their own food, learning to write, and traveling freely.(B., n.d. para 15)" -
American Civil War
The Civil War was fought primarily over states rights and the governance of slavery. The Union claimed victory over the Confederacy in 1865 ending the 4 year war. The victory for the Union established and solidified a sovereign government as well resulted in the passing of the 13th amendment abolishing slavery, the 14th amendment granting citizenship to those once enslaved and the 15th amendment granting voting rights to black men. -
Reconstruction
While the Union's victory resulted in the granting of freedom for millions of slaves "the process of rebuilding the South during the Reconstruction period (1865-1877) introduced a new set of significant challenges.(History, 2009)" -
Jim Crow
Jim Crow originally was used as a derogatory term used to refer to black men. Overtime Jim Crow became laws that were passed restricting the freedoms of African Americans. -
Civil Rights Case of 1883
The U.S. Supreme Court overturned its original ruling in the Civil Rights Act of 1875, declaring it unconstitutional. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 made illegal the "discrimination in hotels, trains, and other public spaces.(Jim Crow, n.d.)" However in 1883 The Court argued that "the 14th Amendment prohibited states, but not citizens, from discriminating. This civil rights reversal was devastating for African Americans (Jim Crow, n.d. para 7)" -
Plessy v Fergurson
"In Plessy v. Ferguson, the United States Supreme Court established the "Separate but Equal Doctrine," holding that legal racial segregation does not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.(Jim Crow, n.d.)" This construct set precedence for how black and whites were to coexist in all aspects of life including education. -
Gaines v Canada 1935
Lloyd G. graduated from Lincoln Univ., a university for black students. Shortly after, he applied to the Univ. of Missouri Law School, where he was denied admission on the basis violation of "Missouri’s state constitution, laws, & public policy.(Missouri,n.d.)" Gaines presented his case before the Supreme Court & argued that this denial of admission violated his 14th Amendment rights. The Court ruled "that the denial of access to legal education was unlawful discrimination.(Missouri,n.d.)" -
Brown v. Board of Education
in 1954 Linda Brown and her family petitioned the Supreme Court stating that the Board of Education of Topeka had violated her fourteenth amendment right. "The Court’s unanimous decision overturned provisions of the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, which had allowed for “separate but equal” public facilities, including public schools in the United States.(History, 2009.)" -
Affirmative Action
In 1961 President John F. Kennedy by way of Executive Order established affirmative action policies. Affirmative action policies "are those in which an institution or organization actively engages in efforts to improve opportunities for historically excluded groups in American society.(Hutlin, B.B., n.d.)" -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
"The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.(History, 2010)" -
Milliken v. Bradley
In 1974 parents of students in Detroit filed suit against the school district citing "that the Detroit school system was racially segregated as a result of policy, in particular, a state statute known as Act 48,
which put the state of Michigan in a position to unconstitutionally interfere with a plan to desegregate schools.(Summary,n.d.)" -
Modern Day Affirmative Action
In an interesting turn of events the United States' newly elected president is employing the "Justice Department’s civil rights division toward investigating and suing universities over affirmative action admissions policies deemed to discriminate against white applicants, according to a document obtained by The New York Times. (Savage,C, 2017)" -
References
B. (n.d.). Slave Culture and Rebellion. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/slave-culture-and-rebellion/
Daniel, M. (2011). A Brief Bibliographic Essay on The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow.
History.com Staff. (2009). Brown v. Board of Education. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
References Continued
History.com Staff. (2010). Civil Rights Act. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act
History.com Staff. (2009). Reconstruction. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/reconstruction
Hultin, B. B. (n.d.). AFFIRMATIVE ACTION OVERVIEW. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/affirmative-action-overview.aspx -
References Continued
Jim Crow Era. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://ferris.edu/jimcrow/timeline/jimcrow.htm
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/305us337
Old Deluder Satan Law of 1647. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2017, from http://www.mass.gov/courts/docs/lawlib/docs/deludersatan.pdf
O'Dell, W. (2012). "Slightly too late, or far too soon:"The Stono Rebellion and the Abolitionist Movement. -
References Continued
Savage, C. (2017, August 01). Justice Dept. to Take On Affirmative Action in College Admissions. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/01/us/politics/trump-affirmative-action-universities.html?mcubz=1
Summary of Milliken v. Bradley. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 17, from https://www-tc.pbs.org/beyondbrown/brownpdfs/milliken74.pdf
THE ORIGIN OF "JIM CROW" . (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://vastudies.pwnet.org/pdf/jim_crow.pdf