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1468
Isabella & Ferdinand unify spain
Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain -
Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry VIII resigns in England
King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his six marriages -
Period: 1558 to
Elizabeth the I reigns England for 45 years
Elizabeth's reign lasted 45 years -
Edict of Nantes
granted religious tolerance and equality to the Huguenots (French Protestants) and ended the French Wars of Religion -
Period: to
Charles the II regions England
King Charles II was, however, one of the nation's most interesting and beguiling rulers -
Don Quixote is published
Don Quixote is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. It was originally published in two parts -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. -
Petition of Right signed
is an English constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the state, reportedly of equal value to Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 -
Period: to
The Long Parliament
The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament, which had convened for only three weeks -
Period: to
Louis XIV reigns as king of France
Louis XIV, also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715 -
Peace of Westphalia is signed
The Peace of Westphalia formally ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe -
Thomas Hobbes publishes “Leviathan”
Leviathan or The Matter, Forme, and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil, commonly referred to as Leviathan is a book written by Thomas Hobbes -
Period: to
Peter the Great reigns as czar of Russia
These victories lead to territorial gains and the creation of the Russian Navy. -
Sebastian Bach height of his career
German composer and musician of the late Baroque period -
Period: to
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution is the sequence of events that led to the deposition of James II and VII in November 1688 -
English Bill of Rights signed
An Act declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject, and settling the Succession of the Crown. -
John Locke publishes “Two Treaties of Government”
Locke proposed that government emerges from the consent of the government to protect their natural rights, which is the thesis of what is now called social contract theory. -
Daniel Defoe publishes “Robinson Crusoe"
Robinson Crusoe is an English adventure novel by Daniel Defoe -
Jonathan Swift publishes “Gulliver’s Travels”
to change the English government and political world by using the various places he has skillfully built in this book to reform the weaknesses and incompetence of the English government and political world. -
Period: to
Frederick II reigns Prussia
A brilliant military campaigner who, in a series of diplomatic stratagems and wars -
Period: to
Denis Diderot publishes his “Encyclopedia”
Diderot and the Encyclopedists strived to transform how people think in the democratization and secularization of knowledge, and to encourage the people to educate themselves in all fields of knowledge -
Period: to
Seven Years War
A global conflict involving most of the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe and the Americas. -
Voltaire publishes “Candid”
It is a savage denunciation of metaphysical optimism--as espoused by the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz--that reveals a world of horrors and folly -
Period: to
George III reigns England
was the first truly British monarch of the Hanoverian kings. Ruling Britain was his priority and he never visited his family's home in Hanover -
Jean Jacque Rousseau publishes “Social Contract”
The Social Contract, originally published as On the Social Contract or, Principles of Political Right -
Period: to
Catherine the Great rules Russia
Catherine the Great pushed aside her husband to become Russia's ruling empress -
Period: to
Joseph II reigns Austrila
Joseph II was the 43rd Holy Roman Emperor from 18 August 1765 and the sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 29 November 1780 until his death. -
Boston Massacre
a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest -
Intolerable Acts
Were a series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party -
Battle of Lexington & Concord
British troops marched into the small town of Lexington at about 5:00 a.m. to find themselves faced with a militia company of more than 70 men -
Adam Smith publishes “Wealth of Nations”
Publication of the modern capitalist economic system -
Declaration of Independence signed
God made all men equal and gave them the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness -
Baron de Montesquieu publishes “The Spirit of Laws”
The book was originally published anonymously partly because Montesquieu's works were subject to censorship. -
Battle of Yorktown
Yorktown was George Washington's decisive victory over General Lord Charles Cornwallis -
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States on September 3, 1783, officially ended the American Revolution -
US Constitution ratified
and in operation since 1789, the United States Constitution is the world's longest-surviving written charter of government -
Declaration of the Rights of Man
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789 -
Storming of the Bastille
The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille -
Tennis Court Oath
A key moment that set off the French Revolution -
Women’s march on Versailles
The Women's March on Versailles was a riot that took place during this first stage of the French Revolution -
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Declaration of the Rights of Woman was written on 14 September 1791 by French activists -
Mary Wollstonecraft publishes “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”--1792
It is one of the first texts by a female author that presented women's education as an issue of universal human rights. -
National Convention Formed
was established in 1792 during the French Revolution to replace the previous legislative bodies after the end of the monarchy -
Period: to
Radical Phase (French Revolution)
France was made a republic, abolishing the monarchy and executing the king -
Committee of Public Safety created
It was the first effective executive government of the Revolutionary period and governed France during the most critical year of the Revolution. -
Period: to
Reign of Terror (French Revolution)
Creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place -
Five Man Directory created
was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 26 October 1795 -
Napoleon Bonaparte becomes Emperor
This signifies that they have absolute authority over France and that France belongs to them and not the people. -
Battle of Austerlitz
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Battle of Leipzig
The battle of Leipzig was a decisive defeat for Napoleon, resulting in the destruction of what was left of French power in Germany -
Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement that took place on 21 October 1805 between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
A series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss apon -
Napoleon exiled to Elba
Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France and one of the greatest military leaders in history -
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
Located 1,200 miles from the nearest landmass off the west coast of Africa, St Helena was the ideal choice for Napeoleon's exile… after all, the last thing the British wanted was a repeat of Elba!