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1465
Isabella & Ferdinand unify Spain
Isabella I unified Spain through her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon. -
Period: 1519 to 1559
Charles V reigns as Holy Roman Emperor
He was the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria. -
Dec 3, 1534
Act of Supremacy
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Period: 1541 to
El Greco (birth-death)
A master of Spanish painting, who had an individual and dramatic style. -
Jan 28, 1547
Henry VIII resigns in England
Henry chose to abdicate after the British government, public, and the Church of England condemned his decision to marry the American divorcée Wallis Warfield Simpson. -
Period: Jan 16, 1556 to
Philip II Reigns as King of Spain
Member of the Hapsburg dynasty and served as the king of the Spaniards and they prospered under him -
Period: Nov 17, 1558 to
Elizabeth I reigns England
Elizabeth I was the queen of England form November 17th, 1558 until she died. -
1566
Netherlands Revolution
The revolt of the Netherlands against the Spanish also called the eighty years war -
Oct 7, 1571
Battle of Lepanto
This battle was a naval engagement when a fleet of the Holy League, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire. -
Aug 24, 1572
St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots -
Period: to
Spanish Armada Defeated in the English Channel
Spanish Armada was damaged by English guns and Spanish ship was captured by Sir Francis Drake -
Period: to
Henry IV reigns as king of France
Henry IV became heir to the French throne through his marriage to Margaret of Valois. -
Edict of Nantes 4
This granted a large measure of religious liberty to his Protestant subjects, the Huguenots. -
Period: to
James I reigns England
King James was a strong advocate of royal absolutism during his reign. -
Don Quixote is published
Don Quixote is a Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
Conflict fought within the Holy Roman Empire and considered to be one of the deadliest wars -
Defenestration of Prague
Three incidents in the history of Bohemia in which people were defenestration. -
Period: to
Charles I reigns as king of Spain
Charles inherited an empire that stretched from Germany to the Americas. -
Petition of Right Signed
The right was sent to to complain about a series of breaches made by the law and was compelled to agree to it through a series of blackmail -
Palace of Versailles Built
The palace of the royals that was built to remind the country of their strength and power -
The Long Parliment
Followed the disastrous short parliament and was a meeting of English Congress -
Period: to
English Civil War
A series of wars between Parliamentarians and Royalists. -
Period: to
Louis XIV reigns as king of France
Louis XIV succeeded his father, Louis XIII, as king at the age of five. He ruled for 72 years. -
Peace of Westphailia
Collective name for the two treaties signed that recognized full territorial sovereignty of the states of the empire -
Charles I executed
Charles I was executed by beheading outside the Banqueting House on Whitehall -
Thomas Hobbes Publishes "Leviathan"
Book publishes about the problems with social and economical order -
Navigation Acts Passed
Congress tried to promote independence by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign goods -
Period: to
Charles II regions England
He was the king of England, Scotland and Ireland. -
Peter the Great becomes Czar of Russia
He had previously ruled jointly with his brother, but after his brothers death he was named the official czar on his own -
Huguenots flee France
Huguenots fled the country in the 17th century, creating Huguenot settlements all over Europe, in the United States and Africa. -
Period: to
Glorious Revolution
This revolution involved the overthrow of the Catholic king James II. -
English Bill of Rights signed
The bill outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy. -
John Locke publishes “Two Treaties of Government
This was a major statement of the political philosophy from John Locke. -
Period: to
Peter the Great Captures Azov
This was a military campaign aimed at capturing the military fortress of Azov and the attack was led by Peter the Great -
Period: to
Philip V Reigns as King of Spain
The first member of the house of bourbon to rule Spain and started the Bourbon dynasty -
Hohenzollern rulers create Prussia
The Hohenzollerns gained de jure sovereignty over Brandenburg when the empire dissolved in 1806, and Brandenburg was formally merged into Prussia. -
Period: to
The War of Spanish Succesion
Triggered by the death of a childless monarch in Spain and described as the first world war of modern times -
Building of Saint Petersburg
Commissioned by Peter the Great to stand as the new capital of Russia -
Period: to
Height of Sebastian Bachs Career
German composer and musician of the baroque -
Treaty of Utrecht
Recognized Queen Anne as the legitimate sovereign of England and ended French claims to the throne -
Daniel Dafoe publishes “Robinson Crusoe”
The first edition of the book lead many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents. -
Robert Walpole Becomes Prime Minister of England
British statesmen and a whig politician that is known for writing stories -
Jonathan Swift publishes “Gulliver’s Travels”
He wrote this book “to vex the world”, not entertain it. -
Period: to
Frederick II reigns Prussia
Frederick II led his nation through multiple wars with Austria and its allies He has daring military tactics that expanded Prussia lands. -
Period: to
Maria Theresa Rules the Hapsburg Empire
She was the only woman ruler in the 650 history of the Habsburg dynasty. -
Period: to
War of Austrian Succession
Group of related wars that took place after the death of Emperor Charles VI -
Handel publishes “Messiah”
A book with a scriptural text compiled by Charles Jennens from the King James Bible. -
Baron de Montesquieu publishes “The Spirit of Laws”
The Spirit of Law is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law. -
Period: to
Denis Diderot publishes his “Encyclopedia”
It was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors. -
Period: to
Seven Years War
Considered to be the first global conflict in world history caused from countries trying to reclaim land from each other -
Voltaire Publishes "Candid"
Story that talks about the arrogance of nobility and Christian regimes -
Period: to
George III reigns England
King George had a victory in the Seven Years' War and led England's successful resistance to Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. -
Period: to
Catherine the great Reigns Russia
The last reigning Empress Regnant of Russia, she was the longest ruling female in the country. -
Period: to
Joseph II reigns Austria
Joseph was the eldest son of Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I and thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions. -
Stamp Act Passed
Act where Britain imposed taxes on the American people for paper products -
Partiton of Poland
The agreement deprived Poland of more than half it's people and took one third of the land -
Boston Massacre
9 British soldiers killed 3 people in a crowd who were verbally abusing them. -
Boston Tea Party
American protest that involved dumping tea into the ocean. -
Intolerable Acts
The punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. -
First Continental Congress meets
The first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to consider its reaction to the British government's restraints on trade and representative government after the Boston Tea Party -
Battle of Concord
this battle was on of the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. -
Battle of Lexington
This was one of the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War -
Adam Smith Published "Wealth of Nations"
The book is an Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. -
Battle of Saratoga
This marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. -
Articles of Confederation signed
The Articles were signed by Congress and sent to the individual states for ratification. -
Period: to
Battle of Yorktown
The Battle of Yorktown was the last major battle of the American Revolution and the start of a new nation's independence -
Treaty of Paris
Ended the French and Indian war and settled peace between France and Britain -
Period: to
Amadeus Mozart
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US Constitution Ratified
The Constitution became the official framework after all the states accepted it -
Tennis Court Oath
Act of defiance by the working class and representatives of the people -
Storming of the Bastille
Event where the revolutionaries stormed and seized control of the armory -
Great Fear
A period of panic and riot by peasants and others from rumors of an “aristocratic conspiracy” to overthrow the Third Estate. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man
A human civil rights document from the French Revolution. -
Womens March on Versailles
Event that helped start French Revolution -
National Assembly Forms a New Consitiution
The new government still had a monarchy but relied on voting to elect leaders -
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
This was written by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the rights of women. -
Mary Wollstonecraft publishes “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”
One of the earliest works of women's philosophy and helped set the standard -
Declaration of Pilnitz
A statement of 5 sentences issued at the Pilnitz castle. -
Period: to
Radical Phase
The monarchy was abolished and the republic was established wars continued throughout Europe -
National Convention Formed
Formed to make and form a new constitution for the country after the revolt -
King Louis XIV Executed
Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and condemned to death. -
Committee of Public Safety created
This was created during one of the crises of the Revolution, when France was beset by foreign and civil war. -
Period: to
Reign of Terror
Period of the French Revolution where the people took drastic and violent measures to get rid of the control -
Marie Antoinette Executed
Marie-Antoinette was guillotined after the Revolutionary Tribunal found her guilty of crimes against the state. -
Five Man Directory created
A group of five men who held the executive power in France according to the constitution of the year III (1795) of the French Revolution. -
Napoleon Becomes !st Consul
Napoleon is able to claim this position after winning an important military battle -
Napoleonic Wars
The wars were a series of battle between France and the European states -
Napoleon Bonaparte Becomes Emperor
After quickly rising through the ranks the young man crowned himself emperor -
Battle of Trafalgar
A naval engagement between the British Royal navy and combined fleets of French and Spanish navies. -
Battle of Austerlitz
This battle was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars -
Period: to
Napoleon Invades Russia
The invasion of Russia was began by Napoleon and also called the Russian Campaign -
Battle of Leipzig
This was a decisive defeat for Napoleon, resulting in the destruction of what was left of French power in Germany and Poland. -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
This was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor. -
Napoleon Exiled to Elba
He abdicates the throne and as part of a condition of a treaty leaves the country -
Period: to
Concert of Europe
The Concert of Europe was the vague consensus among the European monarchies favoring preservation of the territorial and political status quo -
Napoleon Returns to Paris
Napoleon returns from his exile and is greeted back into the city with open arms -
Napoleon is Exiled to St. Helena
During his time in exile he raised an army and spent his time of the coast of Africa -
Jean Jacque Rousseau publishes “Social Contract”
The Social Contract is that government attains its right to exist and to govern by “the consent of the governed. -
Hapsburg Empire divided
The Habsburg lands were divided among his three sons when Ferdinand II died. -
Declaration of Independence signed
The constitution was signed by congress members, the first and largest signature was that of the president of the Congress, John Hancock.
