-
Flying shuttle
Key component of looms used in the textile industry invented by John Kay in 1733 in England, this tool would allow weavers to handle warp threads more efficiently, thus speeding up the weaving process and increasing productivity. -
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Revolutionary era that was characterized by the change from manual to mechanized production, the use of steam energy and the creation of new technologies in sectors such as the textile industry, mining and transportation -
Spinning jenny
mechanical device used to convert fiber into yarn, revolutionized the textile industry by allowing faster and more efficient yarn production than traditional manual methods -
Invention of the steam engine
mechanical device that uses water vapor to generate movement and invented mainly by James Watt, this invention was fundamental to the Industrial Revolution by providing a more efficient source of energy that promoted the mechanization of production in various sectors -
AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR
It began with the Battle of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775 and officially ended with the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. This treaty recognized the independence of the American colonies and ended British rule in North America. -
U.S declaration of independence
proclaiming the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from British rule. Written by Thomas Jefferson, it established principles of liberty and self-government. This historical document marked the beginning of the fight for independence, although the war of independence itself continued until 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. -
Power weaving loom
machine used in the textile industry to weave fabrics in an automated way using electrical energy, unlike traditional looms, which operated manually or with mechanical energy -
NATIONAL AND CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
A conference was held in Philadelphia from May 25 to September 17, 1787. During this time, delegates drafted the Constitution of the United States, which was then ratified by the states and took effect on March 4, 1789. -
THE CONVENTION
The United States Constitutional Convention began on May 25, 1787, and ended on September 17, 1787. During this time, delegates met in Philadelphia to draft the United States Constitution. -
Adoption of the U.S constitution
During 1787, the United States Constitution was drafted and adopted, establishing the fundamental framework of the federal government and laying the foundation for the country's political and legal system. -
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
The United States Congress began with the ratification of the Constitution in 1788. The first meeting -
REIGN OF CHARLES IV
period marked by political weakness and the decline of Spanish power, with internal and external tensions that culminated in the Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808, Charles IV is remembered for his inability to face the challenges of his time and for having been overshadowed by figures influential of his court -
CONVOCATION OF THE ESTATES-GENERAL
This historic event marked the beginning of the French Revolution, summoned by King Louis XVI to address the economic and social crisis, but resulted in the creation of the National Assembly and the emergence of tensions that led to the storming of the Bastille. -
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
The French Revolution was a symbolic turning point that marked the beginning of the popular revolt against the monarchical regime, representing the fight for freedom and the end of absolutism, the fall of the Bastille inspired revolutionaries and led to the abolition of the old regime in France. -
ADOPTION OF THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN
This declaration proclaimed fundamental rights and individual freedoms, such as liberty, equality and property, laying the foundation for democratic principles in France and in the world. -
Creation of the first trade unions
worker associations that were formed to defend labor rights and improve the working conditions of workers -
Adoption of the first French constitution
The first French constitution, known as the Constitution of 1791, this constitution established a constitutional monarchy in France, limiting the power of the king and creating a bicameral legislature -
Execution of Louis XVI
The Execution of Louis XVI was executed during the French Revolution he was sentenced to death for treason against the nation after a trial before the National Convention this symbolized the end of absolute monarchy in France -
Treaty of Basel
treaty that ended the War of the First Coalition between France and several European powers, especially Prussia and Spain. As a result, France gained important territorial concessions and consolidated its position in Europe. -
Napoleon's coup d'état
Napoleon, First Consul of France, overthrew the existing government and consolidated his power, marking the beginning of his regime and laying the foundation for the Napoleonic Empire. -
Consulate
The consulate is a historical stage in which France was governed by 3 sonsules, the most important being Napoleon, lasting from 1799 to 1804. -
Treaty of San Ildefonso
treaty which was a secret agreement between Spain and France, where Spain ceded the territory of Louisiana to France the treaty had significant consequences as it paved the way for the subsequent sale of Louisiana to the United States in 1803 -
Launch of the first steamship
Charlotte Dundas launched in Scotland by engineer William Symington, pioneered the successful application of steam propulsion in river navigation, marking a milestone in the history of maritime transport -
Adoption of the Napoleonic civil code
legal code that unified and modernized the civil laws of France, establishing principles such as equality before the law and the protection of private property. -
Napoleonic empire
After carrying out a military coup, Napoleon gained leadership of France and expanded throughout Europe until in 1815 he lost the Battle of Waterloo and the empire ended up collapsing and falling. -
Battle of Trafalgar
Led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, and the combined fleets of France and Spain, the British victory resulted in the collapse of French invasion plans of Britain and established British naval supremacy. -
Battle of Austerlitz
Decisive confrontation during the Napoleonic Wars, where French forces under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Austro-Hungarians -
Establishment of the continental blockade
Napoleon's strategy to weaken Great Britain, this measure consisted of prohibiting trade between Great Britain and the European countries controlled by Napoleon -
Treaty of Fontainebleau
It was a secret agreement between France and Spain, where the occupation of Portugal by French and Spanish troops was agreed and marked the beginning of the Spanish War of Independence against the Napoleonic occupation. -
Revolt of Aranjuez
popular uprising against the government of Manuel Godoy and King Charles IV of Spain, precipitated by widespread discontent due to Godoy's influence and alliance with Napoleon. This revolt was a crucial event that led to the abdication of Charles IV in favor of his son Ferdinand VII and contributed to the start of the Spanish War of Independence against France. -
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Crucial conflict in Spanish history, characterized by popular resistance and the fight for freedom against Napoleonic rule, culminated in the expulsion of French troops and the restoration of Spanish government -
Uprising of the people of Madrid
historical event in which the population of Madrid rose up against the French army that occupied Spain during the War of Independence. -
REIGN OF JOSEPH I
Known as Pepe Botella, Joseph I Bonaparte, was appointed by his brother Napoleon Bonaparte, was king of Spain during the French occupation, facing popular resistance and fighting to maintain control of the country, although his reign was marked by opposition and instability. policy -
Battle of Bailén
military confrontation that took place in the Spanish town of Bailén, during the Spanish War of Independence, was one of the first major Spanish victories over French troops during the war, and had a significant impact -
Independence of Argentina
The May Revolution in 1810 marked the beginning of the process, followed by the creation of government boards and resistance to Spanish invasions, finally, the representatives of the Argentine provinces formally proclaimed independence at the Congress of Tucumán. -
Independence of Colombia
with the the Battle of Boyacáe Spanish rule in the region gave rise to the Republic of Colombia and finally its independence from Spain. -
Independence of Mexico
On September 16 of that year, Hidalgo uttered the famous Grito de Dolores, beginning the armed struggle. Over the next few years, leaders such as José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero continued the fight, until finally, in 1821, the Treaties of Córdoba were signed, recognizing Mexico's independence. -
Independence of Chile
It began with the First National Government Junta and became official on February 12, 1818 with the Declaration of Independence of Chile, which marked the end of the period of Spanish rule in the country, the fight for independence lasted for several years, culminating with the battle of Maipú -
Convocation of the courts of Cadiz
meeting of representatives of the different regions of Spain that took place in Cádiz during the period of the Spanish War of Independence, the main objective was to draft a constitution that established a liberal government and limited the power of the king. This constitution, known as "La Pepa", was one of the first written constitutions in Europe and laid the foundations for national sovereignty and individual rights. -
Appearance of the luddites
Craftsmen and textile workers who opposed the introduction of industrial machinery, which they considered a threat to their jobs and working conditions, fought for this situation until 1817. -
Approval of "La Pepa"
popular nickname of the Spanish Constitution of 1812, promulgated during the period of the Cortes of Cádiz -
Treaty of Vallençay
peace agreement between France and Spain that ended the war between both countries, established the conditions for the withdrawal of French troops from Spanish territory and guaranteed the restoration of the legitimate Spanish government. -
Viena Congress
An international conference of European powers to reorganize Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, began on September 18, 1814 and concluded on June 9, 1815. It sought to restore the balance of power in Europe and establish a political order. -
ABSOLUTIST SEXENIO
period of authoritarian government led by Fernando VII, characterized by the restoration of absolutism and the suppression of the liberal reforms enacted during the Liberal Triennium -
Battle of Waterloo
Crucial confrontation where the allied forces led by the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon Bonaparte's troops, ending his ambitions to return to power. This battle marked the definitive end of Napoleon's rule. -
Creation of the Holy Alliance
It was a conservative alliance intended to preserve the monarchical order and quell revolutionary movements in Europe. -
TRIENIO LIBERAL
brief period of liberal government after the military uprising in Cádiz, where important political reforms were enacted, such as the Constitution of 1812. However, it ended with the absolutist military intervention and the restoration of power of Fernando VII. -
Independence of Peru
It occurred through a process of struggle and resistance against Spanish rule. José de San Martín led the liberation campaign, which included the proclamation of independence in Lima. Subsequently, the independence forces under the command of Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre, together with Peruvian forces, achieved the decisive victory in the Battle of Ayacuchothus consolidating the country's independence -
OMINOUS DECADE
period in which the country experienced brutal repression by the absolutist government of Ferdinand VII, characterized by political persecution and the elimination of civil liberties, culminated with the death of Ferdinand VII and the beginning of the reign of Isabel II. -
Invention of the locomotive
steam engine designed to pull wagons or other vehicles on rails, using the energy generated by water vapor, was designed by George Stephenson and is considered the first successful steam engine in history -
CHARTIST MOVEMEN
labor movement that emerged in Britain, the Cardists sought political and social reforms to improve the living conditions of workers, including universal male suffrage, equal parliamentary representation, and better working conditions and pay. -
First commercial train
The "Tom Thumb" locomotive, designed by Peter Cooper and put into service on August 28, 1830 in the United States, this steam locomotive transported passengers and freight on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, marking the beginning of the commercial railroad era. -
REGENCY OF MARIA CHRISTINA
María Cristina de Borbón acted as regent on behalf of her daughter, Queen Isabel II, who was a minor. The regency was marked by political conflicts, including the First Carlist War, as well as advances and setbacks in liberal politics. -
FIRST CARLIST WAR
It was triggered by the succession dispute to the Spanish throne between the supporters of Ferdinand VII's daughter, Isabel II, and the Carlists, followers of Ferdinand's brother, Carlos María Isidro. -
Expropriation of Mendizábal
measure taken during the reign of Isabel II in Spain, which consisted of the confiscation of the assets of religious orders, such as monasteries and convents, in order to use those resources for state fines, such as the liquidation of public debt and modernization from the country. -
REGENCY OF ESPARTERO
During this time, Baldomero Espartero, a liberal general, served as regent on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II, who was still a minor. His regency was marked by political and social tensions. -
EFFECTIVE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II
During this period, Elizabeth II fully assumed her duties as queen after reaching the age of majority. Her reign was marked by a series of political and social conflicts, including riots, rebellions, and the emergence of liberal and republican movements. -
Drafting of the communist manifesto
Being published for the first time on February 21, 1848, this political treatise, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, advocates the abolition of the capitalist system and the establishment of a classless society. -
Second liberal revolutionary wave
This wave of revolutions and democratic and nationalist movements occurred mainly in Europe, including revolts in Italy, Germany, Austria and Hungary, with the aim of achieving political and social reforms.
However, there is no exact date because these revolts took place in many different periods and places. -
First liberal revolutionary wave
A numerosos movimientos nacionalistas y democráticos que buscaban reformas políticas y sociales, aunque la mayoría de las revueltas fueron suprimidas, dejaron un legado duradero en la lucha por la democracia y los derechos humanos. -
Expropriation of Madoz
agrarian reform process carried out in Spain, in which a large amount of property belonging to the Church and other owners was expropriated and sold to redistribute land among small landowners and promote the modernization of the country. -
Italian unification
Led by figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo Benso, it began in the 1850s with the Italian War of Independence against Austria. It ended with the conquest of Rome and the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, although complete unification with the incorporation of Venice and Rome was achieved in 1870. -
FIRST INTERNATIONA
international organization of workers and socialists that sought worker solidarity and international cooperation in the fight for better working and social conditions -
German unification
Led by Otto von Bismarck, it began with the Austro-Prussian War in June 1866 and culminated with the Franco-Prussian War in July 1871 -
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (SERRANO)
It arose after the Revolution known as the "Glorious", which overthrew Isabel II, the provisional government was in charge of directing the country during the transition towards a more liberal political system, preparing the way for the establishment of the First Spanish Republic. -
Constitution of 1869
fundamental law that established the political system and the foundations of the Spanish State during the period known as the First Spanish Republic, a crucial document that defined the rights and duties of citizens, as well as the organization of the government and public institutions. -
REIGN OF AMADEUS OF SAVO
He was elected king of Spain after the abdication of Isabel II and the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic. However, his reign was marked by political instability and opposition. -
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1873-1914)
revolutionary era marked by advances in technologies such as electricity, steel, and mass production from 1873 to 1914 -
FIRST REPUBLIC
After the abdication of Amadeus I of Savoy, with the military pronouncement that established the restoration of the monarchy, a brief period of republican government in Spain characterized by political instability, internal conflicts and the lack of consensus in the direction of the country -
Foundation of the PSOE
The Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) is a political party in Spain that identifies as socialist and worker, promoting policies of equality, social justice and economic progress. It is one of the main parties in the political history of Spain, participating in governments and contributing to the configuration of the country's democratic system. -
Foundation of the CNT
anarcho-syndicalist union that advocates self-management and worker emancipation through direct action and solidarity is characterized by its opposition to authoritarianism and its focus on horizontal organization and collective decision-making -
Third liberal revolutionary wave
Also known as the Revolution of 1917-1923, it took place mainly after the First World War, it was a period of political and social upheaval in Europe and other parts of the world, marked by revolutions, riots and significant political changes -
Treaty of Versailles
treaty that imposes harsh conditions on Germany after the First World War including reparations, the reduction of its army and the loss of territories, was signed by the winning countries such as France, England and the U.S.