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Dwight Eisenhower
Eishenhower was president from 1953-1961. During his presidency, he was able to lead the nation and ease the tension between North Korea and the US. As for economic policies, he chose to deal with New Deal and Fair Deal policies, getting him to a medium with the people. Before he left the office, he urged the continuation of military upkeep. http://www.whitehouse.gov/
http://www.whitehouse.gov/ -
New Look policy
Eisenhower's main points in his New Look policy were to (1) maintain economic success through the Cold War, (2) use nuclear weapons as a threat against war with other nations, (3) use the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) as needed, (4) keep liasons with other Allied nations and win over those who were on the edge. http://nationalinterest.org/ http://millercenter.org/ -
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Events
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Brown vs. Board of Education
This case repealed the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, which originalyl accepted separate but equal as fair education throughout the school system (education). Brown vs. Board of Education challenged the government in saying that they were wrong to be prejudice against African Americans for only wanting their rights to have equal rights, as stated in the Constitution. http://www.loc.gov/ http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
Emmett Till (case)
The Emmett Till case was the first to be published, with consent from the mother, to exemplify how the US were prejudice towards Blacks. Emmett Till was fifteen when he was beaten, thrown into the river, and into a water mill to later be found mutilated and dead. His death was a symbol to Blacks to see the cruelty of Whites, and it was a wake up call for the world to see how the US treated their own citizens. http://www.abhmuseum.org/ http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The bus boycott was sparked by Rosa Parks, who would not give up her seat to a White man on the bus. She was later put into jail for one year. Parks created an overnight revolution. Her will not the conform with the unjust law allowed other Blacks to go against the status quo and start carpools and walking to work. This went on for 381 days until the bus system was going bankrupt and had to accept Blacks as equals on the bus. http://www.ushistory.org/ http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG)
The MAAG was a group to help train South Vietnamese for the war in their country. Funds were started in the 1950's, but the US assumed the leadership responsibility from the French in 1956 in order to more accurately train the South Vietnamese against the North during the Vietnam War. http://www.ljmilitaria.com/ http://www.english.illinois.edu/ -
Eisenhower Doctrine
With an increase in pressure from the tensions from foreign nations (Arabs attitude to the West and Soviet tension in Egypt), Eisenhower created a doctrine that allowed countries under seige from attacking states to request aid from the US. http://instruct.westvalley.edu/
http://history.state.gov/ -
Student Protest (sit-ins)
Starting in 1960 in Greensboro, NC, four students participated in the first ever sit-ins. Racial slurs were all around the room, and Whites were astounded by their audacious move. In retalliation, Whites soon wouldnt go to these stores because Blacks were in them, and Blacks couldn't purchase anything because the owners wouldn't sell to them. This created a stalemate for the owners. http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
John F. Kennedy
"Ask not what your country can do for you- ask what you can do for your country." -JFK
Kennedy, known for his "1000 day" presidency, was the youngest president in office. He was known for his activism in equal rights especially after he saw on television what the police were doing to the children in Birmingham, Alabama. He created lasting policies that still shape America. Kennedy died, leaving the nation overwhelmed with the fact that he was capable of so much more. http://www.whitehouse.gov/ -
Peace Corps
The Peace Corps spurred off from the Cold War. It was designed to allow American (mostly youthful) volunteers to travel abroad to developing countries and help that nations grow. Volunteers would spend about two years in that country learning the culture, participating in average day life, and most of all- building homes and giving aid to specific regions who needed it the most. http://cee.eng.usf.edu/ http://www.jfklibrary.org/ -
Cuban Missile Crisis
Trying to avoid a war, Kennedy placed a "quarantine" around Cuba, as a blackade would signal a sign of aggression. The idea of a nuclear war was very real and Soviet leader Krushchev and President Kennedy. Released twenty-five years later, it was proved that the US had taken out their missiles in Turkey when the Soviets took theirs out of Cuba. This lead to the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty on 25 July 1963. http://library.thinkquest.org/ http://www.jfklibrary.org/ -
Birmingham Desegregation Campaign
MLJ Jr. and Ralph Abernathy, two leaders for the Black community against segregation, were arrested on Good Friday for participating in sit-ins with a majority of the Black community. They were put into jail, and so King wrote his infamous "Letter From Birmingham Jail", which described noncomformity towards unjust laws, and how they should act of they are imprisoned- with dignity, and to "arouse the conscience of the community." http://www.pbs.org/ http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
March on Washington and Civil RIghts Act
In support for Kennedy's Civil Rights Act, more than 250,000 supporters walked to the Lincoln memorial. The Act promoted integration and equal rights. The march was supposed to repersent all those in support from around the nation towards the Act. http://www.blackpast.org/ http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
Lyndon B. Johnson
When Kennedy was assasinated, Johnson was sworn in as President. During his time in office, he pushed for the US to become the "Great Society" where there was aid for education, medicare, research for diseases, (etc). http://www.whitehouse.gov/ http://www.whitehouse.gov/ -
Kennedy's Assasination and Vietnam
With Kennedy's assasination, not only the nation was suffering, but foreign nations as well. With the war in Vietnam still going on, the US had to appoint Johnson quickly to help the war efforts in the war. His death meant that there was little time to plan for anything different than what Kennedy had imagined for the war. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ http://www.english.illinois.edu/ -
The Great Society
After his best regards to graduates from the University of Michigan, LBJ promised to "end poverty and racial injustice. This would require the government to hold additional meetings to plan such a change, and more funding to meet the goals that he set. https://mises.org -
Operation Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thuder had four goals: (1) to boost the spirits of those in Saigon, (2) to stop North Vietenam's communist influence in South Vietnam, (3) to destroy North Vietnam's transportation system, (4) and to stop the flow of soldiers from North into the South. This made the US use ceaseless fire (bombing) for more than three years. http://usnavymuseum.org/
http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/ -
Selma March
Governor Wallace of Selma allowed force to be taken in order to stop those who marched into Selma. The issue in Selma was the voting right for Blacks. Blacks were the last to get their right to vote. After the first march, MLK Jr. led the second- nonviolent, march to confront the state troopers and singing "We Shall Overcome" as a sign of peacecul defiance. http://magazine.richmond.edu/
http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
Black Power
Black power stressed the need for militancy- no longer nonviolent protests. The SNCC had changed the 'nonviolent' to 'national', signaling a change in heart towards the situation of Blacks. Malcom X was a leader of the Black Power, advocating for Blacks to stand up for themselves, and not always get pushed around by the Whites. He was defiant towards the Whites for treating his race with no respect. http://s-usih.org/ http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
Outer Space Treaty
The Outer Space Treaty was a form of arms control. The Soviet Premier Kosygin and President Johnson banned nuclear weapons throughout the earth's orbit. This relieved tensions with the Soviet Union, and it allowed the US to form better relations with this foreign nation over policies that both affected them. http://edweb.sdsu.edu/ http://millercenter.org/ -
Black Opposition towards Vietnam
MLK Jr. organized a rally of 125,000 against the war in Vietnam. In his speech presented at Harlem's Riverside Church, he said that it would not make sense for hims to advocate and preach about nonviolence in dealing with the society against segregation, but still root on for the soldiers ruthlessly killing people in Vietnam. http://libcom.org/ http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
Tet Offensive
The Tet Offensive started as a campaign of VietCong's against the South Vietnamese and the US (and their allied supporters). It basically held the South VIetnamese as a standpoint because the North Vietnamese were attacking at a time period when they were not supposed to. http://voiceseducation.org/ http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/ -
Richard M. Nixon
While Nixon succeeded in ending the war in Vietnam and building better relations with the Soviets, his presidency was brought down by the scandal at Watergate. He was a power abuser, a bully, and karma got back at him when the majority of America wanted the man impeached. All he thought about was his goal for greatness- which he never achieved. Later resigning, he appointed Ford as his replacement. http://www.whitehouse.gov/ http://www.whitehouse.gov/ -
Operation Menu (Breakfast)
The US Strategic Air Command (SAC) secretly sent men into Cambodia and Laos, bases for the VietCong and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). The mission was the stop the resupplying of men and weapons. http://www.historycommons.org/
http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/ -
New Federalism
Since he had entered politics, Nixon was never too keen on big government programs and spending. He proposed "New Federalism", a way to divert money from the federal bureaucracy and towards states and municipalities. Nixon wanted to use his power as president to its extent. http://www.pbs.org/ http://www.pbs.org/ -
Congessional Black Caucus (CBC)
Representatives from the CBC were to be the voice for the Black community. They spoke for progressive job reforms, and wanted to increase Black influence in politics, not just on a local level. Their goal was to bring more and more Blacks into the federal government. http://cbcpac.org/ http://www.amistadresource.org/ -
Paris Peace Accord
The Paris Peace Accord officially ended the war in Vietnam. This agreement said for the North Vietnamese to cease-fire, return the POW's from Hanoi, and allow negotiations between Vietnamese parties. Although it is thought of that the US had lost the war, it was hard to tell- seeing as that North Vietnam had an endless number of men and weaponary from communist China and Russia. http://www.nytimes.com/ http://nixonfoundation.org/ -
Gerald R. Ford
After Nixon resigned (being the first president ever to do so), Gerald Ford took his place as president. He gave a full pardon to Nixon after the Watergate scandal, and later appointed Governor Rockerfeller as his vice. His plan early on was to reduce taxes to help the economy, as well as to keep liasons with foreign allies strong. http://www.whitehouse.gov/
http://www.whitehouse.gov/ -
Economic Policy Board
The purpose of the Economic Policy Board (EPB) was to look over every aspect of the US economy. The president's cabinet would always be in the know on government activities and spending. This would allow Ford to keep an eye on governmeng officials, and also to oversee the economy- not just from paper. http://money.cnn.com/ http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ -
Privacy Act of 1974
The Privacy Act allows individuals to keep important issues like their social security number from identity thieves. Only the indvidual may have access to his or her account through the government overseeing changes as needed. http://www.justice.gov/
http://www.hhs.gov/
