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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Geneva Conference
The purpose of this conference was to figure out a way to unify Vietnam. The countries in attendence were the United States, the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, France, and Great Britain. France agreed to leave Vietnam. Vietnam would be split at the 17th parallel. No foreign troops would be allowed.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/geneva-conference-begins
https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/projects/uschina/items/show/264 -
Brown vs Board of Education
Brown vs Board of Education overturned Plessy vs Ferguson which said separate but equal facilities were equal. The case said that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.This was the first step into mass desegregation. Thurgood Marshall NAACP attorney would later become first black judge on Supreme Court
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Emmett Till
Till's murder focused national attention on civil rights abuses in the South and mobilized the Civil Rights Movement. His story became a famous example of a racist murder. It started at the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. His brutal murder and the surrounding publicity helped to start the main part of the Civil Rights Movement. http://www.amistadresource.org/civil_rights_era/emmett_till.html -
Montegomery Bus Boycott.
Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat at the front of the colored section of the bus. She got arrested which later sparked the Montegomery Bus Boycott. The Boycott lasted until Dec 21 1956. Martin Luther King was instrumental in these boycotts.
http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/montgomery-bus-boycott-1955-56 -
Interstate Highway System
President Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act which created the Interstate Highway Sysytem. The I-70 in Kansas was 424-miles long and marked the longest continuous segment of Interstate highway to be completed in any state. american-business.org -
First Desegragated School
Central High School became the first desegragated school. 9 Black kids were blocked from entering the school on the orders of Governor Orval Faubus. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort them to school. They endured harrassment in and outside of the school. They later became known as the Little Rock 9. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/ar1.htm -
Student Sit Ins
In Greensboro 4 Black students purchased school supplies and went to the lunch counter to have lunch. They sat there the whole day yet the man wouldn't serve them. This event sparked many nonviolent protests in the South. 6 Months later the kids were served at that same lunch counter. The American Pageant 13th Edition. http://thenewsouth.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/greensboro-sit-ins/ -
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Bay of Pigs Invasion
1,200 missiles from Cuba, in Cuba's Bay of Pigs, were landed under Kennedy's presidency. Kennedy would not help the invasion when they met Castro's troops. Castro's troops crushed them. JFK assumed full responsibility for the failure, which won back the trust of the American people. http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/The-Bay-of-Pigs.aspx -
Freedom Riders
7 Blacks and 6 Whites left Washington D.C to the South to test the Supreme Court's ruling of Boynton v. Virginia. It declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. They were beaten and attacked by angry mobs. Their buses were burned. Yet they kept traveling through the South and inspired more Freedom Riders. By November ICC issued rules disallow segregated transportation facilities.
American Pageant 13th Edition
http://www.core-online.org/History/freedom%20rides.htm -
Cuban Missile Crisis
Aerial photographs of American spy planes revealed that the U.S.S.R. were installing nuclear missles in Cuba. The Soviets intended to use these missiles to protect Castro and to blackmail US into backing down in Berlin and other spots. Kennedy rejected air force proposals; instead ordered a naval blockade of Cuba demanding immediate removal of the missles. Any attack would result in a war with Russia. http://www.history.com/topics/cuban-missile-crisis -
March on Washington
The March on Washington was the biggest political demonstration ever staged in the United States. Over 200,000 people attended this march. The march represented several different coalitions of civil rights orginizations who had different agendas. It ended at the Lincoln Memorial where many speeches were spoken. MLK's I Have A Dream Speech is one of the greatest speeches ever written.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
The House of Representatives passed the final version of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it illegal for employers to discriminate against someone on the bases of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex in any aspect of employment. http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/37133 -
Gulf Of Tonkin Incident
North Vietnamese war ships attacked the U.S.S Maddox and U.S.S. C. Turner Joy. The U.S claimed they did nothing to provoke this, but they did by supporting South Vietnamese Commandos in North Vietnam and by using those ships to identify North Vietnamese radar station along the coastline. This escalated the war, as Lyndon B. Johnson sent more troops for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1598
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-m/dd731-k.htm -
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
After the Gulf of Tonkin incident, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. This gave President Lyndon B Johnson a "clean slate." It authorized him to "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." He actually misled Congress about the events that transpired which helped them pass the Resolution.
http://www.history.com/topics/gulf-of-tonkin-resolution
http://www.unc.edu/~branhunz/hist140/outlines/7.Vietnam.htm -
Economic Opportunity Act
The act had many social programs that promoted health, education, and general welfare of the poor community. The act also promoted President Johnson's Great Society, which is what he was known for. http://jschell.myweb.uga.edu/history/legis/econ.htm
http://www.wcmcaa.org/history.php -
Assassiniation of Malcolm X
href='http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/04/26/malcolmx.killer/index.html Malcolm X was originally part of the Nation of Islam.He found out that Elijah Mohammed was committing infedelities. Before he left the Nation of Islam he was a militant civil rights leader. After he converted to Islam and took the Hajj to Mecca, he became a peaceful man. He denounced the Nation of Islam. In turn, Elijah Mohammed sent gunman to kill Malcolm while speaking to a large crowd in NYC. American Pageant 13th Edition -
Selma March
Blacks begin a march to Montegomery in support of Black Rights but are stopped at the Pettis bridge by a police blockade. State and local lawmen attacked them with clubs and tear gas and drove them back into Selma. Incident was called "Bloody Sunday." They got court protection and made it into Montegomery. Less than five months after the last of the three marches, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/al4.htm -
Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party was formed by Huey Newton. They were a militant group. They openly brandished weapons in the streets of Oakland. The original goal of the parrty was self defense for the oppressed black people. J Edgar Hoover called it "the greatest threat to the internal security of the United States." It remains one of the most controversial groups
http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/ -
Tet Offensive
The Tet Offensive was a series of fierce attacks on over 100 towns in South Vietnam. These attacks took place on the lunar new year holiday called Tet. The Communist People's Army of Vietnam did the attacks to despel rebellion is South Vietnam and convince the U.S. to scale back its support of the Saigon Regime. The Americans back home were with the Vietnamese. Was a turning point in the war.
http://www.history.com/topics/tet-offensive
http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/02/01/1968-nguyen-van-lem/ -
Assassination of MLK Jr.
At a Memphis motel MLK Jr. was shot while standing on his balcony. He predicted his own death during his last speech. James Earl Ray an escaped convict shot him. MLK. Jr was the face of the civil rights and his death sparked riots. After his death the civil rights movement changed from peaceful to militancy.
American Pageant 13th Edition http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/04/the-murder-of-martin-luther-king-jr/ -
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Apollo Test Project
Nixon approved of a cooperative program between NASA and the Soviet space program, resulting in the joint mission of an American and Soviet spacecraft linking in space; marking the end of the Space Race between the two superpowers. This was the first step to the advancemenet of space projects. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo-soyuz/ -
Release of POW's
The Release of POW's began. In exchange for the U.S. to stop direct military involvement, they began to release POWs. This marked the end of the Vietnam war. The Vietnamese had held 591 American POW's. They were all returned on March 29, 1973.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/release-of-us-pows-begins
http://www.archives.gov/publications/ref-info-papers/90/ -
Watergate Scandal
On September 9, 1971, Nixon's paranoia leads to his forming of the "Plumbers." They were sent to destroy Daniel Ellburg's pyschiatrist's office. Later, Nixon took it one step too far by sending five men to break into, place electronic spy "bugs" in, and destory the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Complex. http://watergate.info/ -
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President Nixon Resigns
President Nixon resigns because his approval rating goes down and he has lost support of his political support by his cabinet. It is the first ever resignation by a president. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/080974-3.htm -
President Ford Pardons Watergate Scandal
President Ford excuses Nixon's Watergate Scandal. He wanted to pardon Nixon of all his crimes he ocmmitted when during his presidency. He just wanted this to pass. He did it out of the goodness of his heart http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0908.html
