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Period: to
1800-1900 US / World / Texas History
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Underground Railroad
Dates: 1800-1865
Where: South to North or Canada
Important People: Free/ Enslaved Black Community, Harriet Tubman, Northern Abolitionist, Church Leaders (Quaker Thomas Garret), Harriet Beecher Stowe's Novel ("Uncle Toms Cabin)
What:
-Helped enslaved black people escape to free states
-In defiance of the Fugitive Slave Acts
-Slaves seeking refuge
-40,000 to 100,000 freed slaves -
The Louisiana Purchase
Where: 828,800 square miles of the French Territory "La Louisiane"
(present day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, parts of: Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Northeastern New Mexico, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Louisiana)
Important People: Thomas Jefferson
What:
-Land was purchased for $15 million in US bonds (less than $0.05 an acre)
- Expansion: doubled the size of the US / New land and new opportunities
-No war or loss of life -
War of 1812
Where: US, Golf Coast of US, Canada, Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
Important People: US and Britain
What:
-Canadian and Native Americans lost their right to self-govern
-Marks the end of the Federalist Party
-Boosted National self-confidence and encouraged growth of American expansion
-New generals produced: Andrew Jackson, Jacob Brown, Winfield Scott
-Aided in the Presidency of Jackson, John Q. Adams, James Monroe, and William Henry Harrison
-Jackson signed the Declaration of war against Britain -
Monroe Doctrine
Where: Issued to Congress
Important People: US President James Monroe (later referenced by Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan)
What:
-US policy toward the Western Hemisphere
- Lands in American were not to be colonized by European Powers
-Prevention of European powers from establishing new colonies
-Any colonization attempts would demonstrate aggression toward US
-US would not involve itself in an European affairs
Image is a political cartoon of James Monroe and US -
Trial of Tears
1831-1850
Where: Indian Territory in the US
Important People: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Black Hawk, John Ross, Winfield Scott
What:
-"Trail of Tears" was a collective suffering for Natives
- Forced relocation of 100,000 indigenous people in SE regions that were designated Indian Territory (West of Mississippi River)
-Route was 5,045 miles long (9 States)
-Recorded 15,000 died during relocation
-Congress passed the Indian Removal Act (1830) and provided $500,000 for transport / compensation -
Texas Revolution / War of TX Independence
Where: Texas / Mexican Texas
Important People: Mexico / TX Colonist
What:
-Began October 1835 and lasted until April 1836
- Began with the Battle of Gonzales
- Ended with Texas Independence from Mexico
-The Republic of Texas was founded
-Major battle: Battle of San Jacinto -
Annexation of Texas
Where: Texas
What:
- Texas was annexed by the US and entered the US as a slave state
-Texas became the 28th state
-Settlers from the US who lived in Mexican Texas wanted independence
-Congress annexed Texas
-Catalyst to the start of the Mexican American War -
Mexican American War
Where: Mexico / Texas
Important People: US President James K. Polk (and his idea of the Manifest Destiny)
What:
- Mexican Calvary attacked a group of US soldiers in the disputed zone under General Zachary Taylor
-Siege to Fort Texas along the Rio Grande
- First US armed conflict on foreign soil -
Juneteenth
Where: Galveston, TX
Important People: African Americans in Texas / Union Major General Gordon Granger
What:
-Emancipation Day!
-General Gordon Granger read the Juneteenth proclamation to the people of Galveston TX
-Ended slavery in the US
-Troops in Galveston TX took control of TX to make sure all enslaved people were freed
-Still celebrated to this day! -
Plessy V. Ferguson
Where: New Orleans Court
Important People: Plessy, Judge John F. Ferguson
What:
-The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment was in question for violation
-Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation
-Under the "separate but equal" doctrine
-Case from a 1982 incident where Homer Plessy refused to sit in the car for black people
-Jim Crow legislation
-Louisiana state law was upheld for black and white separate accommodations