-
Baroque Art and Music
Baroque music and art was meant to be dramatic and exaggerated. -
English Civil War
Conflict between Charles and Parliament, led to wars between followers of Charles and those opposed in Scotland, Ireland, and England. Oliver Cromwell helped end the conflict with his strong military. -
Period: to
Reign of Louis XIV (France)
Absolute monarch, ruler of France. He revoked Edict of Nantes, fought in 30 Years War on Protestant side, and increased taxes. Had a disciplined army, as he was at war for most of his reign, and his tax revenue went to fund that. -
Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War
Treaties that ended the Thirty Years War by dividing the land and distributing power. Initially, religious conflict started the Thirty Years War, so the Holy Roman Empire, France, German princes, and Spain all signed it. -
The "Golden Age" of the Netherlands
After gaining independence from Spain with the help of William of Orange, the Dutch became very wealthy with overseas trade and colonial success. With a more tolerant outlook, they received a lot of migrating workers and citizens, which led to an increase in the arts and sciences. -
Commercial Revolution
The increase in productivity, therefore the increase in cash. People had more money to buy luxuries, rather than just the necessities. Different farming methods, mercantilism, expansion, and colonizing contributed. -
Thomas Hobbes publishes The Leviathan
In The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes argues that in order to have a successful country, you need a strong government controlled by a sovereign. He also thinks that all people are born equal, which contributes to the Enlightenment views. -
Oliver Cromwell’s Navigation Acts
Restricted England's trade to just itself to maximize its power, could only use British ships. -
English Monarchy Restored
End of Oliver Cromwell's military dictatorship, as Charles II came back from France/Spain/Germany to rule. The England citizens were tired of the strict Puritanism. -
Trial of Galileo
Due to his support for heliocentric, which went against Christian beliefs, Galileo was questions and put on trial by Roman Catholic Inquisition. He eventually recant. -
Test Acts of England
The Test Acts were laws that required you be part of a certain church in order to have political power. This gave England's Anglican Church more power, and divided citizens religiously, because eventually the acts extended to grant Roman Catholics no opportunity. -
Period: to
Reign of Peter the Great (Russia)
Ruled Russia as an absolute monarch, his methods including westernization, heavy taxation, and introduction of foreigners in specialized professions. Was constantly at war, therefore in constant need for money. -
Ottoman Siege of Vienna
The strong Ottoman was surprisingly defeated after surrounding the city of Vienna, close to capture. Saved Vienna from destruction. -
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
King Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, which granted some religious freedom, especially to Huguenots after long conflict. This displayed Louis's absolute authority and solidified his power. -
Newton’s publication of the Principia Mathematica
Newton's views on gravity and the laws of motion. Contributed to the Scientific Revolution. -
The "Glorious Revolution"
Mary II and William of Orange came to power in England (James II out of power), starting a constitutional monarchy, which is a leadership, but limited. This led to colonial rebellions against officials previously appointed by James II. -
John Locke published Two Treatises of Government
Book Locke wrote on views of government, disagreeing with divine right of kings, saying that all men are born to serve God. He suggested ideas of democracy and many of his ideas were adopted for modern governing, including the US Constitution. -
Rococo Art and Music
AKA "Late Baroque" is a loving and romantic art and music style. It was graceful and kind. -
Height of Mercantilism in Europe
Following discovery of New World, there was a need for economic success. To obtain this, you needed less imports, more exports including gold/sliver, food, and raw materials. (17th and 18th centuries) -
Agricultural Revolution
Mainly in England and Low Countries, new farming methods such as crop rotation (to preserve the soil), and the seed drill invention led to an efficiency increase. This meant less subsistence farming and more commercial farming, and less peasant jobs, therefore more landless rural wage earners. -
Enclosure Movement
Starting in Britain, it was the act of wealthy landowners purchasing smaller farms and controlling it themselves, keeping a close eye on the crops and animals. The "enclosure" part is literal, as they actually fenced in their property, ans this in turn robbed peasants of jobs so they had to move to cities. -
War of Spanish Succession
After Charles II's death, his will stated that Louis XIV's grandson was to go to throne, therefore forming a union between Spain and France. Many other European Countries, as well as the Holy Roman Empire feared their potential power, especially after France's goal to expand. This caused war that was ended by the Peace of Utrecht. -
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a new scientific worldview that shifted from a more religious stance to a rational stance. Its goal was intellectual progress, and used nature's laws to help understand life, many philosophers had ideas that supported this (Galileo, Newton, Locke, etc.) -
Period: to
Reign of Frederick the Great (Prussia)
Absolute monarch, but displayed it differently. He didn't believe in divine right, appointed and listened to advisers, and did what was best for the people. This includes supporting the arts, building a strong army, obtaining Silisea establishing Prussia as a major power in Europe. -
War of Austrian Succession
Ended in 1748. Austria, Britain, and the Netherlands fought against France, Spain, and Prussia over the succession of the Austrian throne. The Austrian side was in support of Maria Theresa taking the throne, but the other side wanted it to remain under the control of the Habsburgs. Ultimately ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and territorial gains/losses. -
Period: to
Reign of Maria Theresa (Austria)
Gaining power following the War of Austrian Succession, she led Austria to various reformations including a stronger army, improved education system, agricultural development, and more. She attempted to reclaim Silesia from Prussia, but failed, she was also involved in the 7 Years War. -
Classical Art and Music
Light and clear texture, simple. A lot of string instruments are used, and the artwork splotchy. -
Consumer Revolution
The increase in luxuries purchased by all classes, but just higher class. This was caused by the commercial revolution, which gave the people more money. -
Seven Years War (French Indian War)
Territory conflicts in the Americas led to a war between mainly French and British forces. Although the French started off strong, Britain borrowed money for an extra push that led to France eventually losing nearly all their land to treaties. -
Diplomatic Revolution
After 7 Years War and War of Austrian Succession, alliances changed. Previously France & Prussia vs. England & Austria, it was now France & Austria vs. England & Prussia. -
Jean Jacques Rousseau publishes The Social Contract
All people should have same opportunities, despite circumstances/upbringings. Against slavery -
Period: to 17
Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia
Under her control, Russia expanded its territory and became a powerhouse. They also westernized/modernized Russia. -
First Partition of Poland
Austria felt threatened by Russia's growing power, therefore Frederick the Great of Prussia issued the partition to prevent war. Polish armies were unable to withhold the attack, and therefore the land was divided between the three countries. -
American Revolution
British colonies settled in the 13 colonies didn't approve of their treatment, which can be best be described as "taxation without representation." This caused a revolt which France eventually got involved in, as the Americans gained their independence from England. -
Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations
Economic liberalism ideals inspired by enlightenment, thought that you should have market competition controlled by people, not by government. Opposed mercantilism. -
French Revolution
Tired of a controlling government ruled by inequality, debt from careless spending in wars, and more, the French people attended the Estates-General and demanded reform and a Constitution. This sparked the revolution that eventually gave French citizens freedoms, a limited monarchy (rather than absolute), although that took overthrowing King Louis XIV. -
Edward Jenner’s Smallpox Vaccination
One of first medical breakthroughs as he discovered smallpox vaccine. He cut open the arm and smeared infected Smallpox puss on wound, building immunity. -
Slave Revolt in Haiti
Ended in 1803 with Haiti an independent nation free of French control and free of slavery. They defeated Napoleon Bonaparte, Spanish and French forces, and even helped Dominican Republic. -
Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication on the Rights of Women
One of earliest feminist writings, believed that women should not be viewed as just caretakers, a they at essential in child development. Therefore should be educated and given equal opportunity. -
Period: to
Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte (France)
Rose during French Revolution, dominated global and continental affairs, won many wars. Helped build/maintain France as a dominant power. -
Congress of Vienna
Meeting that included all of Europe to discuss and argue bound ries and powers within Europe. To restore peace and fix problems between nations.
