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Period: Nov 20, 1300 to
Commercial Revolution
This was time of economic flourish in many European countries. During this time their was an immense rise of banks,rise transatlantic trade as well as trade with Asian and African countries, use of insurance to protect investments on ships, and a widened acceptance of mercantilism. -
Period: Nov 20, 1500 to
Height of Mercantilism in Europe
European mercantilism was a series of economic regulations which focused on the purpose to increase a countries power. The height of this belief occurred shortly after the discovery of the New World where The Dutch Republic, France and Great Britain were locked in economic warfare and even conventional warfare. -
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Baroque Music and Art
This was a period of change for the Catholic Church to bring back the old recognition it used to have. To do this they created a new form of art and music, with the art being more dark and eccentric and the architecture kind of going back to the old Gothic form. -
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Consumer Revolution
This was a sharp rise in the buying of goods in he second half of the 18th century.During this time the goods a person owned and bought could determine a persons status just as a ones job could. This laid the foundation for today's consumer society. -
The Trial of Galileo
Galileo was a supporter of the heliocentric view of the universe which placed the sun at the center of everything rather than the earth its self through his many experiments. After he published the “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems,” in 1932 his views on heliocentrism became publicly known and he was summoned to the Roman Inquisition to stand trial for his crimes. There he confessed to his crimes and was placed under house arrest the last 9 years of his life. -
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Reign of Louis XIV
King Louis XIV, also known as the Sun King, was the vary symbol of the absolute monarchy ideal in Europe at the time. During his rule he kept France in constant wars, increased taxes, personally regulated the economy and kept a close eye on his nobles by forcing them to live in his grand palace of Versailles for part of the year, as well as restricting his power. -
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The English Civil War
The English Civil war was a series of conflicts between the English crown and the parliament. The people who stood for King Charles I were called the Royalists and the supporters of the parliament were named the Parliamentarians. During this war Charles I was executed and Oliver Cromwell established a dictatorship in England in 1649, but the war didn't end until the remaining Royalist forces under Charles II were defeated in Scotland in 1651 -
Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years was the most destructive war to be fought on German soil and was the last of the religious war during the time period. The Peace of Westphalia was the historic document this bloody war. It took six months for all the countries involved to come up with an agreement to satisfy everyone, along with another six months after to get the signing ceremony organize and all the countries leaders to attend. -
Thomas Hobbes publishes "The Leviathan"
Thomas Hobbes was believer that the only true form of government was that of an absolute monarch and he argued this claim in his book "The Leviathan". This was important because during his life he was witness to the English Civil war and became a supporter of absolutism. -
Oliver Cromwell’s Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts are a series of laws that required most goods imported from Europe in to England and Scotland to be shipped on British owned ships. This was considered to be and act of economic warfare made by the British against their competitors. -
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The English Monarchy Restored
Fallowing the events of the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell took control over England as a Dictator rather than a King. When Charles II invaded England and defeated Oliver Cromwell and his army he ended up becoming the knew monarch of England and began restoring the old traditions. -
The Test Act in England
This was a law passed in England which excluded Catholics from public power by requiring people who held an office under the crown to take an Anglican Communion and commit acts forbidden in the Catholicism. -
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Reign of Peter the Great
The rule of Peter the Great fallowed the chaotic period caused by Ivan the Terrible. During his rule forced Russia into a more westernized state by forcing his nobles to shave their beards, introduced more westernized fashion and culture, and more western technology. He also built a huge standing army to use at his disposal for which he used to capture St. Petersburg from Sweden. -
Ottoman siege of Vienna
This siege of Vienna began on July 17, but the initial battle was fought until September 12 in the year 1683, where pope Innocent XI persuaded 30 German princes, Charles of Lorraine, electors of Saxony and Bavaria , and John Sobieski of Poland to create a joint army to protect the city of Vienna. This army held 80,000 men and had to battle an army of 150,000 Turks. The battle lasted 15 hours, with the end result being the defeat of the Turkish army when they were drove out of the trenches. -
The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes was a document that gave religious tolerance to Huguenots in France and during King Louis XIV's it was withdrawn. This was a significant event because it terminated the little religious freedom the Huguenots said. -
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The Enlightenment
This was a powerful movement where many of the traditional beliefs of the past were challenged by philosophers such as John Locke. New beliefs on education, gender role, government, society, etc. were all introduced during this time period. -
Newton’s publication of the Principia Mathematica
This book was the first of the three books that he wrote in his life time. The principia included his laws of motion, universal gravitation and points drawn from Kepler's laws of planetary motion. He also had some ides on his development on mathematics. -
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The “Glorious Revolution”
Also known as the "Bloodless Revolution" the "Glorious Revolution" lead to the succession of King James II and the rise of William III, prince of Orange and Mary II. During their rule they signed the English Bill Of Rights which restricted the powers of the crown, causing the crown to lose its power to suspend laws, the power to dispense with laws, and they couldn't hold a standing army during a time of peace. -
John Locke published "Two Treatises of Government".
John Locke was a strong believer that men were born naturally free not under the rule of a monarch and also believed we were born with rights of liberty, life and property. His argument for this among other things were greatly argued in his book "Two Treatises of Government" and through his beliefs, he inspired many revolutions and changes in government. -
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Rococo Period in Art and Music
Rococo was a popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interior, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids. -
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War of Spanish Succession
This war was fought to maintain the balance of power at the time. Fallowing the death of King Charles II of Spain, who had no children or cousins who could rightfully take the throne, France had the chance to unite with Spain which would have created a "super alliance" the would totally off set the balance of power in Europe. In response to this countries such as England, Austria and Holland join forces to protect the balance, therefore beginning a long and bloody war. -
Last appearance of Bubonic plague in Western Europe
Though it is unknown why the bubonic plague suddenly disappeared in 1722. Also the last hit of the epidemic occurred two years before in 1720 in Marseilles from an infected ship coming from Syria. The plague quickly spread from Marseilles and ended up killing over one hundred thousand people. -
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War of Austian Succession.
Similar to the War of the Spanish succession this was also a dispute of inheritance but on a much smaller scale. This war was fought over the Silesia territory that was seized by Fredrick the Great of Prussia. The two sides in this war was Prussia allied with Great Britain and Austria allied with France. This war caused colonial disputes in the New World between French and British colonies. The war ended with Prussia still maintaining control of Silesia, they colonial disputes weren't resolved. -
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The Riegn of Maria Theresa
Maria was able to acquire the throne because her brother, the only son in her family, died and prompted Charles VI to issue the Pragmatic Sanction which gave Theresa the right to take the throne. During her rule she created a large standing army for Austria, restricted the power of the nobles, and eliminated tax exemptions for large land owners. -
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Reign of Frederick the Great of Prussia
Fredrick the Great of Prussia was a great example of an Enlightenment Monarch. During his rule he gave religious and philosophical freedom to his subjects, improved the school system, simplified laws, abolished torture, and elected judges who made swift, impartial decisions. He also set a good example for his people by working hard and being a modest ruler. -
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Classical Art and Music
This period of music and art was right in between the baroque period and the romantic period and was were many historic musicians such as Mozart and Beethoven stepped into the lime light. The music that was produced was very happy and had different components from the previous periods that came before it. -
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Seven Years War
The Seven Years war was a large conflict that took place globally both in North America and Europe. The two sides were Russia, France, Austria, Saxony, Sweden, and Russia against Great Britain, Prussia and Hanover. The battles mainly fought in the New World was over control of North America between France and Britain(Known also as the French and Indian War) and the battle mainly fought in Europe was again a struggle over the Silesia territory. This conflict was ended with the Treaty of Paris. -
Diplomatic Revolution
The diplomatic revolution was a time where countries began to send more diplomats to converse rather than immediately engaging in a war. This new way of conflict resolution emerged during the Seven Years War. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes The Social Contract
Rousseau was an enlightenment philosopher who believed that rationalism and civilization was a destroying an individual and the mind of a child must be protected from civilization due to its purity. He also. Believed that women were subordinate in social life to men. -
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Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia
Catherine was an absolute monarchy in its core but wanted to rule over her subjects through the enlightenment philosophies. During her rule she continued the westernization of Russia began by Peter the Great, reformed the domestic life, and expanded the territories of Russia. -
The First Partition of Poland
This was the first of three Partitions where Poland was split into thirds for seizure. This one was caused when Russia began a war against the Ottoman Turks and earned many large victory during the conflict. These accomplishments alarmed the Austrian government who then waged a war with Russia. Scared of getting involved in the conflict Prussia proposed to solve the problem that Prussia, Russia and Austria all take one third of Poland due to it being weak and ravaged after a civil war. -
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American Revolution
This was the famous event where the 13 British colonies in North America fought and eventually defeated the British, winning their independence and forming the United States of America. This great conflict was caused by Great Britain's attempt to assert stronger control over the colonies and was influenced by enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, who advocated the right to stage a revolution. -
Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith developed the idea of freedom of enterprise and established the basis for modern economics. He balieved that the government was only responsible for defending against invasion, maintaining civil order, and sponsorship indispensable public works and institutions. These ideas were made public through the publication of The Wealth of Nations -
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French Revolution
This revolution mainly originated from economic troubles caused by France's involvement in the American Revolution and the Seven Years' War which nearly bankrupted the entire country. This Revolution went through multiple phases which created new governmental powers such as the National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention and Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety. -
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Enclosure Movement
The enclosure movement is where instead of the traditional communal fields, fences were built along the perimeter of the land and now the land was owned by wealthy landowners. This caused poor men and women to have less access to the farm land, the unemployment rate raised, and proletarinization emerged and raised. -
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Slave Revolt in Haiti
This was the most successful slave revolt in history. It started off as a simple revolt but soon evolved into something of revolution. The original confrontation began in the valuable French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1791, where black slaves killed thousands of whites and burned many sugar plantations. The initial hostilities lasted until 1794 when France abolished slavery in all of its territories. Hostilities began again in the early 1800's when Napoleon tried to reestablish slavery. -
Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication on the Rights of Women
Mary Wollstonecraft was women enlightened philosopher who strongly supported the rights of women and their place in he social ladder. She published her ideals in her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women. -
Edward Jenner’s Smallpox Vaccination
Jenner's smallpox vaccination was the greatest medical accomplishment of the eighteenth century. He came up with this vaccine through his research with cowpox, a similar but less deadly disease, and curd his first patient in 1796 and later published his finding in 1798. -
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Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon rose to power by proceeding through the ranks of the military until he crowned himself in 1804. During his rule Napoleon plunged France into a series of wars, known as the Napoleonic Wars, for which they were locked into conflict with multiple European countries such as Britain, Russia, and Austria. His conflicts were not only through combat but through a nations economy as well, like the Continental System of European that he put against British trade. -
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a council of Delegates from European superpowers such as Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain(who were they main rulers of the congress). The main functioning for this council was the determine the issues that must be handled in whole continent. -
The "Golden Age" of the Netherlands
During this time the Dutch Netherlands gained a lot of power and wealth through trade and commerce. It was siginificant because through this time the Dutch were able to establish themselves a major competitor in trade. -
Height of Mercantilism in Europe
In Europe the idea of mercantilism was that English countries should export more goods than the import, basically meaning they should sell more than they should buy. Large trading countries such as Spain, Britain, France and the Netherlands all used this ideology to boost economic boom in both the mother country and their colonies. -
The Agricultural Revolution
During this time there were many advancements in the agricultural techniques. One such advancement was the was something called crop rotation, this is where the traditional grains where rotated with other crops that restored the nutrients back to the soil. Other changes included drainage of marshlands and introduction of New World foods.
