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13th Amendment
The 13th amendment made slavery and involuntary servitude illegal everywhere in the United States, passed by Congress on January 31, 1865 "Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime or any place subject to their jurisdiction." -
14th amendment
The 14th amendment declared rights. It secured the rights of former slaves. The amendment provides a definition of citizenship. This Amendment had been rejected by most Southern States but was ratified by the required three-fourths of the states this happen after the Civil war. -
15th Amendment
The 15th amendment protects the rights of Americans to vote in elections to elect their leaders you cannot be denied by the right to vote based on your race or color or being a former slave it was approve by Congress and ratified February 3, 1870, -
Jim Crow
is often used to describe the segregation laws which means you couldnt go to the same bathroom as one another or even get the same type of education. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Homer Adolph Plessy was arrested for refusing to sit in the train section for blacks only. This case resulted in the "seperate but equal doctrine", was invalid and that the 14th amendment was intended to establish absolute equality for the races before the law. -
19th Amendment
This is a very important amendment to the constitution as it gave women the right to vote.Section 1. "The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex ".Passed by Congress June 4, 1919 -
Korematsu v. United States
Presedential Executve Order 9066, gave the military authority to exclude Japanese ancestyr from certain areas that were considered vulnerable to espionage during WWII. Korematsu remained in San Leandro, California, violating Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army. The court decided that in a time of war and danger, the need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights. -
Sweatt v. Painter
Herman Marion Sweatt was rejected access to a law school in Texas due to his race. The court decided that the Equal Protection Clause required that Sweatt be admited into the school and that the seperation of races harmed students abilities to compete in the legal arena. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Black children were denied access/ admittance to an all white school due to laws permitting segregation among races. The court decided that segregation of children in public schools based solely on his/her race, deprives the children of the equal protection of the laws guranteed by the 14th Amendment. Also, racial segregation in schools was proven to have a psychological effect on minority children. -
Montgomery bus boycott
was as a mass protest by African American for 13-months that ended with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses .Citizens i of Montgomery, Alabama, fought against Segregation policies on the city's public buses. -
Affirmative Action (Current)
Affirmative Action was to achieve equal opportunity, such as in the fields of employment and higher education. In addition, this legislation enforced that groups facign discrimination would be fairly represented in the nations work force and educational institutions. -
24th Amendment
"The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress ".Citizens in some states had to pay a fee to vote in a national election called a poll taxes. The United States ratified the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials. -
Civil Rights Of Act 1964
A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation , public facilities, and employment.which was initially met by resistance in southern state governments but was ended by the Federal government. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
It's purpose was to enforce the 15th Amendment of the Constitution,it invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote to any citizen.signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the American Civil Rights Movement. -
Literacy Tests
The literacy test was a device to restrict the total number of immigrants while not offending the large element of ethnic voters." examination to determine whether a person meets the literacy requirements for voting, serving in the armed forces". The Voting Rights Act of 1965 abolished literacy tests and poll taxes designed to disenfranchise African American voters. -
Poll Taxes
Prevent african americans from voting because they were underpayed and overworked, causing them to have very little money to supprot their familes couldn't even afford to vote. "United States ratified the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials" -
Robert kennedy speech in Indianpolis upon of MLK
A moment in American political history occurred as Robert F. Kennedy, broke the news of Martin Luther King Jr's death to a large gathering of African Americans that evening in Indianapolis, Indiana. -
Reed v. Reed
The Idaho Probate Code, in which it stated that "males must be preferred to females", Cecil Reed was appointed administrator of his and his ex wifes' deceased sons' estate. The court decided the Probate Code was unconstitutional and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
In an attempt to follow the universitys' affirmative action program and to remedy an unfair minority exclusion from the medical profession, white male, Allan Bakke was denied admission to the unversity. The court decided that "any racial quota system supported by government violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964", qnd resulted in Bakke being admitted into the university. -
Bowers v. Hardwick
Michael Hardwick was seen by a Georgia police officer engaging in consensual homosexual "sodomy", and was in result charged with violating a Georgia statute that criminalzed sodomy. The court decided that there were no constitutional protection for such acts/practices, and that states had the right to outlaw such acts/practices. -
Americans With Disabilities Act
This act ensures that people with disabilities do not face discrimination in employment, transportation, public accommodation, communications, and governmental activities. Federal agencies, such as the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, has issued guidelines to ensure that buildings, facilities, and transit vehicles are accessible and usable by people with disabilities. -
Lawrence v. Texas
Houston police officer saw John Lawrence and another man engaging in consensual homosexual sodomy. The two men were then convicted for being in violation of a Texas statute forbiddng homosexual sodomy. The court decided that Texas' "Homosexual Conduct" did not violate the 14th amendment gurantee of equal protection laws, but that but their criminal convictions for adult consensual homosexual sodomy did violate their liberty and privacy protected by the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment. -
Fisher v. Texas
In an attempt to add diversity in the University of Texas, the university decided to modify its race-neutral admissions policy by considering race as factor in the admission for the remainder of the in-state freshman class. the court decided that the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment permitted the consideration of race in undergradute admissions if the court reviewed the policy was necessary to achieve the benefits of diversity. -
Gay Rights in Indiana
Indiana is asking the U.S Supreme Court if gay marriage should be legal in all 50 states. Furthermore, the Supreme Court was asked to reverse a ruling made by the 7th Circuit U.S Court Appeals, which declared Indiana and Wisconsin's bans against same-sex marriage unconstitutional. -
Equal Rghts Amendment
Equal Rights Amendment was introduced into every congress between 1923 and 1972 when it was passed and sent to the states for ratification but fell short 3 votes of being ratified in 1982. Finally, the Equal Rights Amendment/ 27th Amendment, was ratified in 1992 and became an amendment in the constitution that states that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one's sex.
