-
Period: to
Transforming The West
-
Homestead Act
Opened settlement in the western United States allowing any American including freed slaves and women, to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land.To get land paying $1.25 an acre for living on the land continuously for five years. If the settler was willing to pay that much, they could obtain the land after only six months residence. -
Period: to
Becoming an Industrial Power
-
Laissez Faire
When the government is staying out of the problems of the people and economy. So, the market takes care of itself. There were no regulations/ rules that they implied. -
Cowboys
Cowboys were mainly Hispanic and black there were very little white cowboys. They were manly, courage and independent. They lowered beef prices since they delivered by horse and the railroads were expansive for the farmers. This only lasted 20 years because land owners started putting barbed wires on their land. Also, new railroads were being built in Texas so cowboys were no longer needed for cattle's. -
Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor began as a secret society of tailors in Philadelphia.The organization grew slowly during the years of the 1870s, but worker militancy rose toward the end of the decade, especially after the Great Railroad Strike.The falling of the Knights when a bomb explosion in the Haymarket Square and they were blamed for it.By 1890, the membership had fallen to 100,000.With erratic leadership and the continuing factionalism within the union undoubtedly contributed to the Knights’ demise. -
Red River War
U. S. Army launched a campaign to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indian tribes from the Southern Plains and enforce their relocation to reservations in Indian Territory. 300 Indians surprise attacked the white settlements, but white people had long range rifles and held off the Indians so, the Indians started to spread out over Texas. In 1875 it ended because the army was well equipped so Indians eventually couldn't outrun or fight anymore. -
Farmer's Alliance
A small group of farmers in Lampasas County, Texas, formed the Farmers' Alliance.The organization grew slowly and unsteadily; but did it begin to expand into other states.5 million members but whites only. Farmers overcharged on shipping crops. Higher interest loans cooperatives united farmers. It became political to fight monopolies and won big in 1890. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
The U.S. troops wanted to kick out the Indians because gold was found on Native American lands. The federal troops were led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. Custer led the troops to their deaths before reinforcements arrived. They were out numbered by the Sioux and Cheyenne tribes. Custer and 200 troops were slaughtered by the tribes.The media portrayed Custer as a hero and made the Indians as the villains. This led to further settlement and reservations. -
George Armstrong Custer
Born in 1839 New Rumley,OH. At twenty-three he was the youngest brevet brigadier general in the Union army. In 1876, under command of Gen. Alfred Terry, Custer led the Seventh Cavalry as one force against Sitting Bull’s alliance of Sioux and Cheyenne camps in Montana.Custer decided to attack before infantry and other support arrived. Although scouts warned that he was facing superior numbers. They were surrounded and annihilated. Since that day, ‘Custer’s Last Stand’. -
Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell was the creator of the telephone. His inspiration was from the telegraph on how nearly instantaneous communication between two distant point. Bell wanted to improve on this by creating a "harmonic telegraph", a device that allowed individuals to speak to each other from a distance. Alexander Graham Bell to his assistant, Thomas Watson: "Mr. Watson--come here--I want to see you." were the first words over the phone -
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt was a shipping and railroad tycoon. He was a self made multi-millionaire. He worked as a steamship captain, then in the late 1820s went into the business for himself and eventually became one of the country's largest steamship operators. In the 1860s he started to focus on the railroad industry, where he built another empire and help make the railroad transportation more efficient. -
Phonograph
Thomas Edison created the phonograph. In 1877 was when the phonograph was built. "Mary had a little lamb" were the first words that Edison recorded and he was amazed by how it played back to him. In 1878 he began selling the new machine. the phonograph, such as: letter writing and dictation, phonographic books for blind people, a family record (recording family members in their own voices), music boxes and toys, clocks that announce the time. -
Great Uprising
The Great Uprising was the country's first major rail strike and witnessed the first general strike the nation's history.In 1877, northern railroads, still suffering from the Financial Panic of 1873, began cutting salaries and wages. The cutbacks prompted strikes and violence.The strikes and the violence spawned briefly paralyzed the country's commerce and led governors to mobilize 60,000 militia members to reopen rail traffic. The strike would be broken within a few weeks. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
-
Exodusters
In 1879, was when the first migration of African Americans moved along the Mississippi River to Kansas. They were former slaves who migrated for better opportunity. Some were successful but, others will settle on bad land and they lacked money. Later, some will go back to the South or continue out West. -
Assassination of President Garfield
James A. Garfield arrived at the Baltimore and Potomac train station.For weeks, Charles Guiteau had stalked the president across Washington, patiently waiting for a chance to gun him down. Guiteau snuck up behind them and drew his pistol. Guiteau fired two shots at the president from point blank range. The first bullet only grazed Garfield’s right arm.The second shot was in the lower back and knocking him to the floor.He survived 80 days, but a severe infection led to his death. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
Was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.Those on the West Coast were especially prone to attribute declining wages and economic ills on the despised Chinese workers. Although the Chinese composed only .002 percent of the nation’s population, Congress passed the exclusion act to placate worker demands and assuage prevalent concerns about maintaining white “racial purity.” -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody was a former scout and Buffalo hunter. He started his own western show in the Eastern U.S.. The shows dealt with Indian fights, cowboys, cattle drives, lassoing, and marksmanship. Many former cowboys, sharpshooters, and Indians (Sitting Bull) joined together to create this show. Many Americans today got their view of the west through this show. The show wasn't as accurate about the wild west it made it dramatic and romanticized. -
Haymarket Riot
Labor protest near Chicago's Haymarket Square but turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. Eight people died as a result of the violence that day. Eight radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing.In the aftermath seven out of the eight men were sentenced to 15 years in prison and four of the men were hanged.Additional three who were sentenced to death, one committed suicide and the other two had their death sentences commuted to life in prison. -
Dawes Severalty Act
An act that authorized the president of us to divide tribal land/divide it into allotments for individuals Indians.This was meant to help Indians, and lift Indians out of poverty and integrate them into the mainstream American society. This act resulted in separating the lands of Indians and putting them into reservations. -
Hull House
Jane Addams and her friend Ellen Gates Starr founded Hull House on the South side of Chicago, Illinois after being inspired by visiting Toynbee Hall in London.The Hull House was originally meant to educate the working poor in the subjects of art and literature.Many of whom were immigrants, that helped immigrants to learn about American culture and life. -
Sherman Anti- Trust Act
This was to control business monopolies that conspire to restrain U.S. trade. This allowed injunctions either require or forbid an action one party against another. It issued against any person or group the conspired to restrain trade. This will be success later on in the years. -
Period: to
Imperialism
-
Depression of 1893
National economic crisis began by collapse of two of the country's largest employers,the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company.Panic erupted on the stock market. Businesses had borrowed money to expand their operations.When the financial crisis struck,banks and other investment firms began calling in loans,causing hundreds of business bankruptcies across the United States.Banks,railroads, and steel mills fell into bankruptcy.Over fifteen thousand businesses closed. -
Henry Cabot Lodge
Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations.was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened. He was advocated for updating the Navy. It was the 3rd most powerful Navy. -
Pullman Strike
A widespread strike by railroad workers brought business to a standstill until the federal government took action to end the strike.The strike was a bitter battle between workers and company management, as well as George Pullman, owner of the company and American Railway Union.Pullman cut the wages of workers, and refused to lower the rents in the company housing. President Cleveland sent federal troops.Riots broke out and 26 civilians were killed. Railroad yard was burned. -
Queen Liliuokalani
Was last sovereign of the Kamehameha dynasty, ruled a unified Hawaiian kingdom.She became crown princess, after the death of her youngest brother made her the heir apparent to her elder brother, King Kalakaua.New Hawaiian constitution removed much of the monarchy’s powers in favor of an elite class of businessmen and wealthy landowners.Liliuokalani signed a formal abdication but continued to appeal to U.S. President Grover Cleveland for reinstatement, nosuccess.The United States annexed Hawaii.. -
Period: to
Progressive Era
-
Bicycle Craze
Though different types of bicycles had been around in the United States and Europe for years, recent technological innovation brought about changes in material and design a lighter, smoother, and faster ride than ever before. there were over 150 bicycle factories in the United States, producing over 1,000 different makes of bicycles for men, women, and children.One phase of bicycling that gave people a sense of release and freedom was that you could ride to another town. -
Election of 1896
Republican William Mckinley and Democrat William Jennings Bryan. Mckinley wanted gold standards while Bryan wants free silver. Democrats wanted more money in circulation. Also this started the gold vs. silver where gold symbolized the rich and silver symbolized the workers.This would end monopolies and depression and more silver than gold. The result is McKinley wins 51% to 47%. And Republicans take Midwest and Northeast and had power for 30 years. While Democrats in South and West. -
Klondike Gold Rush
Gold was found in a tributary of the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory.An army of gold seekers went and traveled on foot went through The Chilkoot Trail to get to Klondike.There were a lot of deaths during the journey people were murdered, suicides, disease, malnutrition, hypothermia, and avalanches. The distance from tidewater to the lakes was about 35 miles, They hauled their array of gear to the lakes, they built to float the remaining miles downriver to Dawson City and the Klondike. -
Frances Willard
American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution.Willard became the national president of the World Woman's Christian Temperance Union, or World WCTU, in 1879, and remained president for 19 years.She developed the slogan "Do everything" for the women of the WCTU to incite lobbying,petitioning,preaching,publication,and education. -
William Randolph Hearst
Built his media empire after inheriting the San Francisco Examiner from his father. He challenged New York World publisher Joseph Pulitzer by buying the rival New York Journal, earning attention for his “yellow journalism.” Hearst entered politics at the turn of the century, winning two terms to the U.S. House of Representatives but failing in his bids to become U.S. president and mayor of New York City.He owned seven dailies, five magazines, two news services, and a film company -
Cuba's Independence
A massive explosion of unknown origin sinks the battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor, killing 260 American crew members aboard.Official U.S. Naval Court of Inquiry ruled in March that the ship was blown up by a mine.United States had defeated Spanish forces on land and sea. The Treaty of Paris was signed between the United States and Spain, officially ending the Spanish-American War and granting the United States its first overseas empire possessions as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. -
Battle of Manila Bay
Manila Bay in the Philippines, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first major battle of the Spanish-American War.The United States went on to win the war, which ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. -
Battle of San Juan
One month after the Spanish-American War,Spanish fleet docked in the Santiago de Cuba harbor.U.S. naval force arrived soon after and blockade the harbor entrance.U.S. Army landed on Cuba with the aim of marching to Santiago and coordinated land and sea assault on the Spanish.The Rough Riders and the black soldiers of the were the first up Kettle Hill,and San Juan Hill was taken soon after. Spanish fleet was destroyed by U.S. warships and Spanish surrendered the city and became Cuba to Americans. -
George Dewey
Was a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines.Dewey defeated the ten Spanish ships guarding the Philippines with six American warships; nearly 400 Spaniards killed and wounded, no American casualties; led to Dewey's prompt promotion to Admiral.Earned the Civil War Medal; the Spanish Campaign Medal; the Philippine Campaign Medal; and the Dewey Medal -
Emilio Aguinaldo
A Filipino politician,and military leader.He achieved independence of Philippines from Spain and was elected the first president of the new republic under Malolos Congress.He also led the Philippine-American War against U.S. resistance to Philippine independence.Captured in palanan, Isabela by US 1901 ending his presidency.Swore an oath of allegiance to the US,in1901, he officially declared peace with the US.The Japanese used Aguinaldo as anti-American tool. He made speeches and signed articles. -
William Howard Taft
Taft took on the role of secretary of war in the administration of Theodore Roosevelt. Taft also lacked his expansive view of presidential power, and was generally a more successful administrator than politician. Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan. Taft and Roosevelt had philosophical difference which drifted them apart. Taft files law suits against many trust and didn't support new reforms. He's an executive and not a policy making person. -
Carrie A. Nation
The US most notorious temperance advocate.organizers favored making alcohol illegal. This was known as prohibition. The Eighteenth Amendment passed in 1919. It banned the distribution of alcohol in the United States. She went into a bar and smashed the alcohol bottles with a small hatchet.The amendment was repealed by the Twenty-first amendments in 1936.employers support prohibition hope that it would promote a more disciplined labor force. -
Teddy Roosevelt
The youngest president at age 42. While as president he was energetic and enthusiastic, and likable. Known as the “trust buster” for his strenuous efforts to break up industrial combinations under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Also a conservationist, setting aside millions of acres for national forests, reserves and wildlife refuges. Roosevelt won a Nobel Peace Prize for his negotiations to end the Russo-Japanese War and spearheaded the beginning of construction on the Panama Canal. -
President McKinley
Served U.S.Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency.Longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican McKinley platform of promoting American prosperity and won a landslide victory over Democrat William Jennings Bryan. Led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; ended with U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam.McKinley’s bold for the open door policy.McKinley was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in September 1901. -
Henry Ford
Built his first gasoline-powered horseless carriage,the Quadricycle, in his shed.1903,established the Ford Motor Company,and 1908 rolled out the first Model T.To meet overwhelming demand for the vehicle,introduced new mass-production ways,large production plants,the use of standardized,interchangeable parts and,1913, the world’s first moving assembly line for cars.Outspoken political realm.Drew controversy for his pacifist stance during early years of World War I and earned widespread criticism. -
Muller v.Oregon
Oregon passed a law said that women couldn't work more than 10 hours a day in factories and laundries.Woman at Muller's laundry required to work more than 10 hours.Muller convicted of violating the law.His appeal was heard to the U.S.Supreme Court.Louis D. Brandeis was a lawyer who supported reforms that protected workers.Brandeis showed the Court that Oregon's law was a valid use of its power to protect the health of women.By a 9-0 vote,justices upheld Oregon law.Brandeis's strategy succeeded. -
Russo-Japanese War
Russian rejection of a Japanese plan to divide Manchuria and Korea into spheres of influence, Japan launches a surprise naval attack against Port Arthur, a Russian naval base in China. The Russian fleet was decimated. During the subsequent Russo-Japanese War, Japan won a series of decisive victories over the Russians, who underestimated the military potential of its non-Western opponent. -
Ida B. Wells
Was an African-American journalist, abolitionist and feminist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. She went on to found and become integral in groups striving for African-American justice. She was a co-founder of NAACP.She was a suffragette as well.Urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores -
Pancho Villa
Mexican revolutionary and guerilla leader.He became leader of the División del Norte cavalry and governor of Chihuahua.He joined forces with other revolutionaries to overthrow Victoriano Huerta.The different forces were not successful at working together.Villa reached an agreement with Adolfo de la Huerta,pardoned him for his actions return for Villa put end to his independent military activities.He was assassinated in 1923. -
Woodrow Wilson
In office from 1913 to 1921 and led America through World War I.Advocate for democracy and world peace.Pursued agenda to reform establish of the Federal Reserve and Federal Trade Commission.Wilson tried to keep the United States neutral during World War I but called Congress to declare war on Germany 1917.After the war, he helped negotiate a peace treaty included a plan for the League of Nations.Although rejected U.S. membership in the League,received the Nobel Prize for his peacemaking efforts. -
17th Amendment
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. -
Ludlow Massacre
Colorado militiamen attack a tent colony of strikers.Evictions failed to end the strike, Rockefeller hired private detectives that attacked the tent colonies with rifles and guns. The miners fought back, and several were killed. When the tenacity of the strikers became apparent, the Rockefellers approached the governor of Colorado, who authorized the use of the National Guard. The Rockefellers agreed to pay their wages.66 men, women, and children died during the strike. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.The archduke traveled to Sarajevo in June 1914 to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Ferdinand and Sophie were touring Sarajevo in an open car, with surprisingly little security, when Serbian nationalist threw a bomb at their car; it rolled off the back of the vehicle and wounded an officer and some bystanders.Gavrilo Princip fired into the car, shooting Franz Ferdinand and Sophie at point-blank range. -
No Man's Land
Ground between the two opposing trenches.Average distance in most sectors was about 250 yards.Contained amount of barbed wire.In the areas most likely to be attacked, there were ten belts of barbed wire just before the front-line trenches.In some places the wire was more than a 100 feet.There were a large number of bodies. Advances across was always very difficult.Not only did the soldiers have to avoid being shot or blown-up, they also had to cope with barbed-wire and water-filled, shell-holes. -
Period: to
World War I
-
Great Migration
Was the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West. They were driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws. African Americans began to build a new place for themselves in public life, actively confronting racial prejudice as well as economic, political and social challenges to create a black urban culture that would exert enormous influence in the decades to come. -
Vladimir Lenin
Lenin was the founder of the Russian Communist Party, leader of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, and the architect, builder, and first head of the Soviet Union.Lenin showed himself to be ruthless to secure power.He launched the Red Terror, a vicious campaign eliminate the opposition within the civilian population.Stalin’s health was low when he suffered stroke, it took away his ability to speak and concluding his political work.10 months later,another stroke and he passed away. -
Espionage Act
Two months after America’s formal entrance into World War I against Germany, the United States Congress passes the Espionage Act.Espionage Act essentially made it a crime for any person to convey information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country’s enemies. Anyone found guilty of such acts would be subject to a fine of $10,000 and a prison sentence of 20 years. -
Mustard Gas
Introduced by the Germans in 1917, blistered the skin, eyes, and lungs, and killed thousands.Defenses against poison gas usually kept pace with offensive developments, and both sides employed sophisticated gas masks and protective clothing that essentially negated the strategic importance of chemical weapons. -
Sedition Act
imposed harsh penalties on anyone found guilty of making false statements that interfered with the prosecution of the war; insulting or abusing the U.S. government, the flag, the Constitution or the military; agitating against the production of necessary war materials; or advocating, teaching or defending any of these acts. Those who were found guilty of such actions, the act stated, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both. -
Spanish Flu
The deadliest in history, infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide about one-third of the planet’s population and killed an estimated 20 to 50 million victims, including some 675,000 Americans.First observed in Europe, the United States and parts of Asia before swiftly spreading around the world there were no effective drugs or vaccines to treat this killer flu. Citizens were ordered to wear masks,schools,theaters and businesses were shuttered and bodies piled up in makeshift morgues. -
Czar Nicholas
Nicholas was neither trained nor inclined to rule, which did not help the autocracy he sought to preserve in an era desperate for change.Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. Nicholas and his family were first held at the Czarskoye Selo palace, then in the Yekaterinburg palace near Tobolsk. After a secret meeting, a death sentence was passed on the imperial family, and Nicholas, his wife, his children, and several of their servants were gunned down that night. -
Andrew Carnegie
Migrated from Scotland to America.He worked in a factory then he found a job as a telegraph messenger.He moved up to a telegraph operator.1853 he took a job at Pennsylvania Railroad for position of assistant and telegraph.While working Carnegie began making investments,he left the railroad and focused on his other business.He built plants around the country,making the manufacturing steel easier,faster and more productive.He was a wealthy man but, he sold his business and gave back to the people. -
Hospitality Industry
Marked the birth of the restaurant, cottages, signs and billboards, and vacation industry.More people went out than ever before. Owners of these industries formed professional associations to raise industry standards, counter organized labor, and lobby for their interests. -
F. Scott Fitzgerald
American writer rose to prominence as a chronicler of the jazz age.Success of his first novel, “This Side of Paradise”, made him an instant celebrity.Third novel, “The Great Gatsby”, was highly regarded, but “Tender is the Night” was a disappointment.Struggling alcoholism and his wife’s mental illness, Fitzgerald attempted to reinvent himself as a screenwriter. He died before completing his final novel, “The Last Tycoon”, but earned posthumous acclaim as one of America’s most celebrated writers. -
18th Amendment
Prohibition movements sprung up across the United States, driven by religious groups who did alcohol, specifically drunkenness. The movement reached 1920 when Congress ratified the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors. Prohibition led to a rise in organized crime, as the bootlegging of alcohol became an ever-more lucrative operation. -
Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan extended into almost every southern state.The organization saw its primary goal the reestablishment of white supremacy fulfilled through Democratic victories in state legislatures across the South.burning crosses and staging rallies, parades and marches denouncing immigrants, Catholics, Jews, blacks and organized labor.Also saw a surge of Ku Klux Klan activity, including bombings of black schools and churches and violence against black and white activists in the South. -
Period: to
The Roaring 1920s
-
General John Perishing
Commanded the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe during World War I.The president and first captain of the West Point class of 1886, he served in the Spanis and Philippine-American Wars and was tasked to lead a punitive raid against the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa.He was nicknamed “Black Jack,” by cadets who resented his iron discipline.Derived from his frontier service with the African-American Tenth Cavalry, stuck. When he went up San Juan Hill with his Black troopers -
Marcus Garvey
Jamaican immigrant.Became a leader in the black nationalist movement applying economic ideas of Pan-Africanists to the resources available in urban centers.He founded the Negro World newspaper,international shipping company Black Star Line and the Negro Factories Corporation.Universal Negro Improvement Association largest secular organization in African American history.Indicted mail fraud by the U.S. Justice Department,he spent two years in prison before deported to Jamaica,died in London. -
American Indian Citizenship Act
Government of the United States for citizenship on all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the country. In the Reconstruction period, sought out to accelerate the granting of citizenship to friendly tribes, though state support for these measures was often limited. In 1888, most Native American women married U.S. citizens for citizenship, and in 1919 Native American veterans of World War I were offered citizenship. In 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act, was passed by Congress. -
Immigration Act of 1924
President Calvin Coolidge signs into law the Immigration Act of 1924.New law reflected the desire of Americans to isolate themselves from the world after fighting World War I in Europe, which growing fears of the spread of communist ideas.It also reflected the racial discrimination in American society at the time.Immigration remained open to those with a college education and/or special skills, but entry was denied to Mexicans, and Eastern and Southern Europeans and Japanese. -
Joseph Stalin
Dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.The Soviet Union transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower.However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his reign.Once in power, he collectivized farming and had potential enemies executed or sent to forced labor camps.He established communist governments throughout Eastern Europe,and led the Soviets into the nuclear age by exploding an atomic bomb. Died after suffering a stroke. -
John Scopes
In Dayton, Tennessee,so-called “Monkey Trial” begins with John Scopes a young high school science teacher,accused of teaching evolution in violation of state law.The law made it a misdemeanor punishable by fine to teach any theory that denies the story of Creation of man as taught in the Bible,and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.Scopes pay a fine of $100.Bryan had won the case,he had been publicly humiliated and his fundamentalist beliefs had been disgraced. -
Silent Films
Film with no synchronized recorded sound. Dialogue is conveyed by the use of muted gestures and mime in conjunction with title cards, written indications of the plot and key dialogue lines. People had more time to spend on leisure and Americans fell in love with the movies.The movies were a cheap form of entertainment.Occasionally color tinting was used as a special effect and to set the mood for feature length movies. -
Charles Lindbergh
Lindbergh learned to fly planes in 1922 after quitting college.He got his start in aviation as a barnstormer.Becoming the first person to fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean in his monoplane,Spirit of St. Louis.It took 33.5 hours he didn't sleep for 55 hours.He had no radio or radar he would fly low and ask people on ships for directions.Lindbergh landed safely at Paris on May 21, 1927. An ecstatic crowd of some 150,000 people had gathered at the French airfield to witness the historic moment. -
Al Capone
Most infamous gangster in American history.The height of Prohibition,multi-million dollar operation in bootlegging, prostitution and gambling organized crime scene.Responsible for many brutal acts of violence, mainly against other gangsters. The most famous was the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929, he ordered the assassination of seven rivals.Never charged for his racketeering but was finally brought to justice for income tax evasion.Serving 6.5 years,was released and died in 1947 in Miami. -
Herbert Hoover
America’s 31st president, took office the year the U.S. economy plummeted into the Great Depression.Hoover bore much of the blame in the minds of the American people. As the Depression deepened, Hoover failed to recognize the severity of the situation or leverage the power of the federal government to squarely address it.Insensitive toward the suffering of millions of desperate Americans. As a result, Hoover was soundly defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt -
Period: to
The Great Depression
-
Douglas MacArthur
American general commanded Southwest Pacific in World War II.Led United Nations forces in the Korean War helped lead the 42nd Division in France during World War I.Superintendent of West Point,chief of staff Army and field marshal of the Philippines,helped organize a military.World War II,he returned to liberate the Philippines after fallen to the Japanese.MacArthur led United Nations forces start of the Korean War,but clashed with President Harry Truman over war policy and removed from command. -
Election of 1932
Took place effects of the 1929 Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country.President Herbert Hoover's popularity was falling as voters felt he was unable to reverse the economic collapse, or deal with prohibition.Franklin D. Roosevelt used what he called Hoover's failure to deal with these problems as a platform for his own election, promising reform in his policy called the New Deal.Roosevelt won by a landslide. -
Father Charles Coughlin
Took to the airwaves broadcasting weekly sermons over the radio. 30-40 million listeners a week.The content of his broadcasts had shifted from theology to economics and politics.Just as the rest of the nation was obsessed by matters economic and political in the aftermath of the Depression.He turned against FDR and became one of the president's harshest critics.His program of "social justice" was a very radical challenge to capitalism and to many of the political institutions of his day. -
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt immediately acted restore public confidence,proclaiming a bank holiday and speaking directly to the public in a series of radio broadcasts.New Deal programs and reforms redefined the role of the federal government Americans.Reelected in 1936, 1940 and 1944,FDR led United States from isolationism to victory over Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II.The only American president in history elected four times, Roosevelt died in office in April 1945. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
First lady wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt.Leader involved numerous humanitarian causes throughout her life.Involved Democratic Party politics and numerous social reform organizations.In White House,one of the most active first ladies in history and worked for political, racial and social justice.Roosevelt’s death, Eleanor delegate to the United Nations and continued advocate for a wide range of human rights issues.She remained active in Democratic causes and was a prolific writer until her death, -
Dr. Francis Townsemd
Dr. Townsend published his plan in a Long Beach, California newspaper, as a kind of extended "Letter to the Editor."He was surprised by swift and massive response the letter generated. Townsend had tapped a major social problem in America and the nation was crying out for a solution.Townsend's letter led to the formation of an organization and the development of a formal Plan. The Plan was then published as a pamphlet and distributed throughout America. -
20th Amendment
Nicknamed the Lame Duck . This changes term dates for president and Congress. The Presidential inauguration in January instead of March. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. -
21st Amendment
Congress adopted a resolution proposing the 21st Amendment to the Constitution, which repealed the 18th Amendment. The resolution required state conventions, rather than the state legislatures, to approve the amendment, effectively reducing the process to a one-state, one-vote referendum rather than a popular vote contest.Achieving the necessary majority for repeal. -
Jane Addams
She was co-founder of the Hull house.She was an ardent feminist by philosophy.In 1905 she was appointed to Chicago's Board of Education and made chairman of the School Management Committee; in 1908 she participated founding of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy and became the first woman president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections.In 1931, she received the Nobel Peace Prize.In 1935 three days after an operation revealed unsuspected cancer. -
Huey Long "The Kingfish"
A powerful Louisiana governor and U.S. senator. A successful lawyer, he rose through the ranks of the Louisiana government to take over the state’s top post. He became senator.Long had launched his own national political organization and was prepared to run for the presidency when he was killed by the son-in-law of a political opponent from behind a pillar and shot him. He died several days later, talking politics to the end. -
John Rockefeller
Founder of the Standard Oil Company one of the wealthiest men and major philanthropist. Rockefeller controlled 90% of the oil industry. He also invented two important elements: Trusts,and holding companies. Critics accused him of engaging in unethical practices: predatory pricing, colluding with railroads. U.S. Supreme Court found Standard Oil violation of anti-trust laws and ordered it to dissolve.Rockefeller donated millions to various philanthropic causes. -
Great Depression in Germany
They went from Monarchy to Republic.Weimar Germany were not so reliant on exports as they were on American loans.German economy was not equipped for this retraction of cash and capital banks struggled to provide money and credit.Unemployment in Germany had reached a staggering six million.While there were few shortages of food..The children suffered worst, thousands dying from malnutrition and hunger-related diseases.The Weimar government failed to muster an effective response to the Depression. -
Hitler
Leader of Nazi Germany.He initiated fascist policies that led to World War II and the deaths of at least 11 million people.Was chancellor of Germany, serving as dictator and leader of the Nazi Party, or National Socialist German Workers Party, for the bulk of his time in power.Led to the Holocaust, which resulted in the deaths of some six million Jews and another five million noncombatants.With defeat on the horizon, Hitler committed suicide in his Berlin bunker. -
General George Marshall
He was a World War I staff officer and later became assistant commandant at the U.S. Infantry School. Named chief of staff when World War II began. Marshall was responsible for exponentially increasing the size of the U.S. Army, and he helped devise Operation Overlord in 1944.After the war, he came out of retirement to serve as President Harry Truman’s secretary of state.His economic recovery program for Europe became known as the Marshall Plan, and he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. -
Period: to
World War II
-
The Battle of Britain
German and British air forces clashed in the skies over the United Kingdom, locked in the largest sustained bombing campaign to that date.Germany’s Luftwaffe failed to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force despite months of targeting Britain’s air bases, military posts and, ultimately, its civilian population. The first attack on London was successful, second one failed with heavy losses, but collapse of morale German bomber crew when British fighters shot down many Germans. -
Winston Churchill
He was an idealist and a pragmatist, an orator and a soldier, an advocate of progressive social reforms and an unapologetic elitist, a defender of democracy. Prime Minister during World War II.He gave stirring speeches in Parliament and on the radio.Though Churchill was one of the chief architects of the Allied victory, war-weary British voters ousted the Conservatives and their prime minister from office just two months after Germany’s surrender in 1945. -
Battle of Moscow
Soviet defense of Moscow against Nazi forces.Operation Barbarossa capture of Moscow within four months.However,despite large advances,Wehrmacht slowed by Soviet resistance.Wehrmacht offensive slowed by weather conditions and other problems.Cold weather and the freezing of the ground allowed the Axis advance to continue,it continued to struggle against Soviet resistance.Fresh Soviet troops,prepared for winter warfare,attacked the German forces in front of Moscow ending immediate threat to Moscow. -
Vernon J. Baker
highly decorated soldier and the only living black WWII veteran to earn the Congressional Medal of Honor.Baker was assigned to the segregated 270th Regiment of the 92nd Infantry Division,the first black unit to go into combat in WWII. Baker, one of the most decorated black soldiers in the Mediterranean Theater, earned a Purple Heart, Bronze Star and Distinguished Service Cross. In 1996, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. -
Pearl Harbor
U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, and was the scene of a deadly surprise attack by Japanese forces.Before 8 a.m. Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes lowered on the base, where they destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels,eight enormous battleships,and over 300 airplanes.More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack,including civilians,and another 1,000 people were wounded.Day after the assault,President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. -
The Holocaust
The mass murder of some 6 million Jews as well some other persecuted groups, such as Gypsies and homosexuals by the Nazi during the Second World War.Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were inferior race,alien threat to German racial purity and community.After years of Nazi rule in Germany,during which Jews were consistently persecuted.Hitler’s final solution now known as the Holocaust came to fruition under the cover of world war,with mass killing centers concentration camps of occupied Poland.
