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Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms because of the invention of the microscope.
Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms because of the invention of the microscope. -
Gregor Mender. an Austrian monk working with pea plants, discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.
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Louis Pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing of beer, established the science of microbiology, and proposed the Germ Theory, claiming that microorganisma were responsible for infectious diseases.
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Johnann Miescher found mucleic acis in white blood cells from pus in bandages. This later led scientists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism.
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Studying fruit flies, Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were on chromosomes.
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Fred Griffith, using mice, proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another.
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Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develope biotechnology drugs today.
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Chargaff showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine equaled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine.
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Beadle and Tatum proposed the "one gene produces one enzyme" hypothesis.
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Avery, McCarty, and McLeod established that indeed DNA was the hereditary material that was transferred.
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Using their famous "blender experiment", Harshey and Chase proved viruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary material.
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Rosalind Franklin and Muarice Wilkins established throgh X-ray crystallography that DNA was indeed a double helix.
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Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA.
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Hayed discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria.
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Walter Gilbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA.
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Arber, Nathans, and SMith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA.
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Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the 64 codons (the triplet code of 3 bases in DNA) that codes for the 20 amino making up protiens.
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DNA plamids were isolated and purified by Vinogrd.
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Madel and Higa ere responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escerichia coli.
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Cloning experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen.
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Genetch, the world's first genetic engineering company, was founded.
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140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer.
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Sanger and Gilbert found a way to seguence DNA. Given an unkown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.
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Loise Joy Brown was born, the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg in later implated in a womb.
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Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E coli.
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Botsein found that one could be identified by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fringerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
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Ohio University scientists made the first transgenic animals.
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The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that genetically altered life forma can be patented. This resulted in a huge startup of biotech companies.
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Eli Lilly Company placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria.
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Kary Mullin invented polymerase chain reaction(PCR) to amplify DNA in the lab.
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Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediacted gene transfer.
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Jeffries applied RFLP in DNA profliling to the study of criminal cases.
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An automated flourescence sequencer was invented, speeding up the labor-intense process.
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Genes were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun.
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NIH revised safety guidelines foe recombinant DNA to include plants grown in geenhouses and animals raised in barns.
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Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interfence, silencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans.
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Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoclonal antibody (Mab) technology
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Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin Institute in Scotland.
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DNA microarray technology, looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip, was developed.
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Maynard Olson and colleagues at Washington University inventer "yeast chromosomes," or YACs, which are expression vectors for large protiens.
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Dabiri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster that existing sequencers. Technology like this greatly sped up the Human Genome Projest.
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Ron Breaker coined the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression.
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Announcement was made of the completion of the Human Genome Project by Francis Collins and Craig Venter. The project provided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes.
