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Laissez Faire
Laissez faire is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies. This had a theory that everything will even itself out in a completely free market and the concept is similar to the idea of anarchy in that they are completely theoretical and go against human nature. Though in contrast, this gave people less space and can have more people, more jobs and worse working conditions -
John Deere
John Deere invented the steel plow in 1837 when the Middle-West was being settled. The soil was different than that of the East and wood plows kept breaking. He invented it in Grand Detour, Illinois where he had settled. He was a well known american blacksmith who created the steel plow and improved the lives of farmers around the world using the invention and increased their time use and overall financial and economic growth to do faster harvesting of crops. -
Temperance Movement
The temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries was an organized effort to encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence. The movement's ranks were mostly filled by women who, with their children, had endured the effects of unbridled drinking by many of their menfolk. In fact, alcohol was blamed for many of society's demerits, among them severe health problems, destitution and crime. At first, they used moral suasion to address -
Susan B. Anthony
Devoted to the women's right movement; made speeches and organized state and national conventions on women's rights; collected signatures for a petition to grant women the right to vote and own property. Susan B. Anthony was a leader who is best remembered for her advocacy for women's voting rights and as a founder of the Suffrage movement. She was also active in the Temperance and Abolitionist movements. She was was a pioneer crusader for the woman suffrage movement in the United States -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was Scottish-American industrialist, businessman who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry. He was also one of the most important philanthropists of his era. He was one of the "Captains of Industry" who led America into a new industrial era during the late nineteenth century. He was A self-made steel tycoon. He donated towards the expansion of the New York Public Library.His specialty was steel; others pioneered in transportation, oil, and communication. -
John Rockefeller
Rockefeller was a man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States. It achieved important economies both home and abroad by it's large scale methods of production and distribution. He also organized the trust and started the Horizontal Merger. He gained a monopoly in the oil industry by buying rival refineries and developing companies. -
Period: to
Becoming an Industrial Power
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Buffalo Bills WIld West Show
The wild west show was a colorful entertainment in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century, which portrayed the West as full of adventure and romance. It rarely depicted the reality of western life. The first of these shows was organized by William F. Cody, also known as "Buffalo Bill". known as "buffalo Bill" he was the creator of the "Wild West Show". These shows sometimes included fake Indian attacks, and tried to evoke the mythical romance of the Old West. -
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened. (WWI) Lodge demanded Congressional control of declarations of war; Wilson refused and blocked Lodge's move to ratify the treaty with reservations. As a result, the United States never joined the League of Nations. -
Teddy Roosevelt
A leader of the Rough Riders in Cuba. Took Office when McKinley was assassinated. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. This person was the 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," and lastly Panama Canal -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
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Railroads
Railroads were being created for more efficient movement of transports and goods around the areas. the railroad boom had created hundreds of thousands of jobs for both railroad and mine workers. The railroads boosted agricultural and fishing industries in not only England, but a lot of other countries around the world. It also made traveling a lot easier, railroads had encouraged country people to take jobs in distant cities. During the railroad boom, jobs have been doubled or even tripled. -
Currency Reform
The basic issue rests upon the issue that the amount of money in circulation determines its worth: the more money in circulation, the lower its value. Combined with that idea is the fact that paper currency not backed by gold or silver tends to lose value rapidly. During the American Revolution, for example, when the United States owned little gold or silver, the paper money in circulation was all but worthless, having a real value at times of about two cents on the dollar. -
Period: to
Transforming the West
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Homestead Act
This was an act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a fee of about $30 instead of public land being sold for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a motivation to the family farm. it turned out to be a hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were or failed until dry farming -
Henry Ford
developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Henry ford is one of the most successful businessman and engineers of all time. His automobiles sparked a revolution in personal travel and made him a vast fortune. Ford's production methods were effective and his generosity towards his workers. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
He was the heir of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. He was assassinated by a serbian named princip Sarajevo in 1914. This event sparked a series of actions that led to the beginning of WWI. Archduke was a target of assassination, because he was next in line to the throne, and was very wealthy. He was a target because many people in the Balkans were angered by Austria's annexation of Bosnia a few years earlier. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in June 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia. -
Robber Barons
A robber Barron is a derogatory term used for businessmen or ordinary people who use bad ways to earn profit and get rich. A term used in the 19th century in the U.S as a negative reference to business men and bankers who dominated their respective industries and amassed huge personal fortunes, typically as a direct result of pursuing various anti-competitive or unfair business practices. Some examples would be John Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie who were into steel and oil production. -
Warren G. Harding
The GOP candidate and winner of the election of 1920 who promised a "return to normalcy". President who called for a return to normalcy following WWI. He had laissez-faire economic policies, and he wanted to remove the progressive ideals that were established by Wilson, in efforts to return to "normalcy". While in office, it was very corrupt, he used the office for personal gain, did not follow through with enforcing laws, and accepted bribes. Corrupt individual, who died in office. -
Killing of The Buffalo
Buffalo had been an important resource before white Americans moved in, and Native Americans had long lived off the buffalo while sustaining their population. white immigrants began to compete with the Indians for land and continuously slaughtered the buffalo of the natives for fun and took land to built railroads. the Indians began to kill more buffalo in order to trade with the whites. Though a drought depleted the food sources of the buffalo and white men's livestock brought in new diseases. -
Knights of Labor
This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population This welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, and African Americans;
were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements. Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. -
Transcontinental Railroad
This was a train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah. Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. The Railroad made it so that it was easier to for mail -
Period: to
Imperialism
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Gilded Age Immigration
immigrants come from southern and eastern Europe. i.e. Italy, Greece, Poland, Hungary, and Russia. They were often unskilled, poor, Catholic, Jewish, and likely to settle in cities than on farms. After 1900, they made up more than 70% of all immigrants. Native born Americans feel threatened by these newcomers with different languages and cultures.The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West. As American wages were much higher than those in Europe -
Red River War
The Red River War was a military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and forcibly relocate them to reservations in Indian Territory. This led to the end of an entire way of life for the southern plains tribes, decimated the buffalo population. Westward-bound settlers came into conflict with the nomadic tribes that claimed the buffalo plains as their homeland. -
Herbert Hoover
took office in 1929,the U.S. economy plummeted into the Great Depression. Although his policies undoubtedly contributed to the crisis, which lasted over a decade, He bore much of the blame in the minds of the Americans. As the Depression deepened, failed to recognize the severity of the situation or leverage the power of the government to address it. A successful mining engineer before entering politics, the Iowa-born president was widely viewed as insensitive toward the suffering of millions -
Battle of Little Big Horn
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, pitted federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. When a number of tribes missed a federal deadline to move to reservations, the U.S. Army, including Custer and his 7th Calvary, was dispatched to confront them. -
Margaret Sanger
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. She was a practical nurse in the women’s ward working toward her registered nursing degree when her 1902 marriage to architect William Sanger ended her formal training. -
Assassination of President Garfield
He was remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Less than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883. He was assassinated by Charles Julius Guiteau -
Social Darwinism
Theory that individuals and groups are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. this is used to refer to various ways of thinking and theories that emerged in the 19th century and the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society. -
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt was in his second term as governor of New York when he was elected as the nation’s 32nd president in 1932. With the country mired in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt immediately acted to restore public confidence, proclaiming a bank holiday and speaking directly to the public in a series of radio broadcasts or “fireside chats.” His ambitious slate of New Deal programs and reforms redefined the role of the federal government in the lives of Americans. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
In 1882, the U.S. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, a law that would simultaneously halt Chinese immigration to the United States and bar this group from becoming citizens. However, to truly understand this policy, you have to look further back in history.
Chinese immigrants came to the United States in significant numbers during the California Gold Rush of 1848-1855. These immigrants were important laborers, building the infrastructure that made the increase in Western migration -
Pendleton Act
Banned Federal candidates from requiring that federal employees work on their campaigns or make financial contributions.
This also Extended the about rule to all federal civil service workers Previously, government workers were expected to make campaign contributions in order to keep their jobs. the Pendleton Act which established a category of civil service jobs that were to be filled by examinations. At first, only a tenth of government positions fell within that category. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women. Born in 1884 in New York City, Eleanor Roosevelt was the niece of one U.S. president, Theodore Roosevelt, and married a man who would become another, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Redefining the role of the first lady, she advocated for human and women's rights, held press conferences and penned her own column. -
Helen Hunt
Helen Hunt overall wrote poetry, feature articles, and childrens stories to raise awareness of Native American rights she was an author who wrote A Century of Dishonor which chronicled the government's actions against the Indians. She also wrote Romona, which was a love story about Indians. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians. It chronicled the experiences of Native Americans during the 19th Century. It was an attempt to change America's ideas about the treatment of Indians. -
Haymarket Riot
This riot was a direct result of the extreme tensions between laborers and the wealthy business owners. The McCormick Reaper Company was on strike, 4 people had just been killed, tensions were high, and anarchists showed up and began speaking at the rally attended mainly by immigrant workers in May 1886 at Haymarket Square. It was originally intended as a rally to protest the establishment of a National Wage. Someone in the crowd threw a bomb, a riot broke out, -
Great Upheaval of 1886
This was a wave of labor protests and strikes that affected all of the nation. An example of a labor protest was six months before unveiling of the Statue of Liberty where police killed four workers who were striking and who were attempting to keep strikebreakers out of a factory in Chicago. In 1886 this was a wave of strikes about labor. It affected every part of the nation. It resulted in several police killing striking workers. These revolts lasted until the end of the Revolution. -
Dawes Severalty Act
Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators. Overall this was an act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act. -
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Garvey was an orator for the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. A powerful African American leader during the 1920s. Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated a migration of African Americans back to Africa. Garvey was convicted of fraud in and deported to Jamaica in 1927. While the movement won a substantial following, the UNIA collapsed -
Period: to
Progressive Era
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Sherman Anti Trust Act was the first law to limit monopolies in the United States. This wanted to create a fairer competition in the workforce and to limit any take-over's of departments of merchandise. This was something which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries. Mainly To prosecute companies -
Wounded Knee
The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. This severe 1890 massacre left some 150 Native Americans dead, in what was the final clash between federal troops and the Sioux. This was most well known to be the last major battle with troops in the Sioux -
Schieffen Plan
Germany's military plan to have 90% of their army to go through belgium and attack France. They expected that that Belgium's army would not be able to stop them and they would be able to finish France off quickly and they would then be able to fight Russia. This plan was formed because they feared the forts on the German/ France border and they wanted to avoid fighting on two fronts. unfortunately for Germany Belgium resisted and later Britain waged war on Belgium. -
City Beautiful Movement
movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world. It was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities -
Worlds Colombian Exposition
Held in Chicago, Americans saw this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The Fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters built a mini-city in which to host the fair that reflected all the ideals of city planning popular at the time. For many, this was the high point of the "City Beautiful" movement., 1893; World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893 -
Huey Long
A Senator from Louisiana who proposed a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5,000 for every American family which would be paid for by taxing the wealthy. (100% tax on 1 million dollars). Announced his candidacy for president in 1935, but was killed by an assassin Carl Weiss. Louisiana Governor that wanted to help underprivileged people by improving education, medical care, and public services. developer of the "Share-Our-Wealth" program. -
Pullman Strike
This was a nonviolent strike which brought about a shut down of western railroads, which took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago, because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers. It was ended due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image in unions. railroad workers were upset by wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Debs but not supported by the American Federation. Eventually President Cleveland intervened and forced an end to the strike. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
A case in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregated, "equal but separate" public accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the 14th amendment. This ruling made segregation legal. Some railroad companies were on Plessy's side because they paid too much to maintain separate cars. he attempted to sit in an all-white railroad car. refusing to sit in the black railway carriage car, Plessy was arrested for violating an Louisiana statute that provided for segregated "separate but equal" -
Election of 1896
1896 campaign is often considered to be a realigning election that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System; sharp division in society between urban and rural interests.It is seen to be the beginning of a new era in American politics, or a 'realignment' election, highlighting the changes that were occurring in American society at the turn of the 19th century. This was the last election in which a candidate tried to win the White House with mostly agrarian votes -
F. Scott Fitzgerald
a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl. rose to prominence as a chronicler of the jazz age. Born in St. Paul, Minn., Fitzgerald dropped out of Princeton University to join the U.S. Army. The success of his first novel, made him an instant celebrity. His third novel, “The Great Gatsby”was highly regarded -
Spanish-American War
War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's "independence" as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. It was started in part by the influence of yellow journalism after the explosion and sinking of the USS Maine. Spain renounced all claim to Cuba, ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, The Spanish-American War was an important turning point in the history of both antagonists. -
Treaty of Paris 1898
Brought a formal end to the Spanish-American war. It confirmed the terms of the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. American negotiaters had startled the Spanish by demanding that they also cede the Philippines to the U.S, but an offer of 20 million for the islands softened Spain's resistance. The Spanish accepted the Americans terms. Under its terms, Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt; it also ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States -
Philippine-American War
armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence and descended into a savage guerrilla war in which the United States ultimately defeated the Philippine rebels. Since Treaty of Paris transferred Philippines from Spain to US, Philippine nationalists feared they were just getting a new colonial ruler although they wanted independence. This began 2 days before US senate ratified Treaty of Paris -
Boxer Rebellion
Also known as The Boxer Uprising, this was the popular peasant uprising in China (supported nationally), that blamed foreign people and institutions for the loss of the traditional Chinese way of life. "Boxers" were traditionally skilled fighters that attacked Westerners, beginning with Christian missionaries. Began by A Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led to the uprising in Northern China. This overall ended in the year 1901 -
Election of 1900
The Republicans nominated William McKinley on a platform that advocated imperialism while the Democrats chose Willima J. Bryan on a platform of free silver. During the election, the Republicans professed tha free silver would end U.S. prosperity. McKinley won the election with an overwhelming victory in the urban areas. Bryan ran for the Democrats again, and made the key campaign issue McKinley's foreign policy. Impericalism did not strike a responsive cord with voters, and McKinley won -
Royal Air force (RAF)
The British air force, Inflicted heavy losses on the German air force because its planes were aided by a newly developed radar and an excellent systems of communications. the air force of the United Kingdom, spans nearly a century of British military aviation. , towards the end of World War I by merging the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air conjunction with the Defence organisations, is to defend the UK and its interests. Strengthen international peace and stability -
Big Stick Policy
policy popularized and named by Theodore Roosevelt that asserted U.S. domination when such dominance was considered the moral imperative Roosevelt’s first noted public use of the phrase occurred when he advocated before Congress increasing naval preparation to support the nation’s diplomatic objectives. Earlier, in a letter to a friend, while he was still the governor of New York, Roosevelt cited his fondness for a West African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” -
Northern Securities Trust
Roosevelt attacked the Northern Securities Company, a railroad holding company organized by financial titan J. P. Morgan and empire builder James J. Hill (they had sought to achieve a virtual monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest); Court held up Roosevelt's antitrust suit and ordered the company to be dissolved; the decision jolted Wall Street and angered big business but greatly enhanced his reputation as a trust smasher. established President Roosevelt’s reputation as a “trust buster,” -
Charles Lindberg
an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviational development. He made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20-21, 1927. Other pilots had crossed the Atlantic before him. But Lindbergh was the first person to do it alone nonstop. Lindbergh's feat gained him immediate, international fame. he became the first man to successfully fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean. -
Russo-Japanese War
Interests of Japan and Russia in Korea caused the conflict that led to Russo-Japanese war from 1904 to 1905. Japan defeated Russian troops and crushed its navy. Japan had complete control of Korea and parts of Manchuria. Purpose to pursue an imperialist policy in the Far East, to make up for what it saw as its relative decline in Europe, obtain an ice free port, something for which Russia had yearned for centuries, with all of its major ports being unusable int he winter months when they froze -
Meat Inspection Act
Required strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created a program of federal meat inspection. It came about in 1906 as a result of president Roosevelt reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts. To investigate the meat packing industry. commission issued a report backing up Sinclair's account of the disgusting conditions in the industry. established a rating system for meat, required federal inspection of meat processing to ensure sanitary -
Muller vs Oregon
an attempt to define women's unique status as mothers to justify their differential treatment, Case that upheld protective legislation on the grounds of women's supposed physical weakness, A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court Justice) Luis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers it established a different standard for male and female workers This was a landmark Supreme Court -
Social Gospel Movement
The Social Gospel Movement was a religious movement that arose during the second half of the nineteenth century. Ministers, especially ones belonging to the Protestant branch of Christianity, began to tie salvation and good works together. They argued that people must emulate the life of Jesus Christ. this taught religion and human dignity would help the poor over come problems of industrialization. Didn't focus on religion, but on the fact that improved living conditions begot improved morality -
Angel Island
The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York. This was the main immigration processing station in the west coast in san fransisco, mainly chinese. mainly from southern and eastern europe, improvished, culturally different, little democracy, -
Mexican Revolution
A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurred. The Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910, ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic. A number of groups, led by revolutionaries including Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, participated in the long and costly conflict. -
Bull Moose Party
The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before. formally Progressive Party, U.S. dissident political faction that nominated former president Theodore Roosevelt as its candidate in the presidential election of 1912; the formal name -
17th Amendment
Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. The 17th Amendment, ratified in 1913, was part of a wave of progressive constitutional reforms that sought to make the Constitution, and our nation, more democratic. It gave Americans the right to vote directly for their Senators, thereby strengthening the link between citizens and the federal government. -
Election of 1912
In this election, the Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, giving him a strong progressive platform called the "New Freedom" program. The Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party with its "New Nationalism" program. By the division of the Republican Party, a Democratic victory was ensured. Woodrow Wilson won. The Republicans were thrust into a minority status in Congress for the next six years. Wilson won the election Wilson was considered the lesser evil. -
Woodrow Wilson
made US most powerful country in world, declared neutrality to get US to mediate end to war, asked for declaration of war, associated power of allies, main goal was to create a new structure of peace, 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage , Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations won Nobel Peace Prize -
Period: to
World War I
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First Red Scare
The Red Scare was the name given to the period of anti-radical hysteria and the fear that anarchists, socialists and communists were conspiring to start a workers revolution in the United States of America. One of the important events during his presidency was the First Red Scare. As the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s, hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. became known as the Red Scare. -
Picture Brides
The picture bride system was extremely important to the Japanese immigrants during the early 1900’s. It was a system that allowed Japanese men in the United States to find wives from overseas in order to start families. Japanese bachelors would mail their self portraits to a matchmaker in Japan who then matches the picture with other potential brides. Once the matchmaker finds a suitable match, they are married and the bride is sent over on a one-way trip to the United States. -
Zimmerman Telegram
this was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the prior event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause. Mexico and Japan denied any involvement -
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union involved the collapse of an empire and the rise of Marxian socialism under Lenin and his Bolsheviks. It sparked the beginning of a new era in Russia that had effects on countries around the world. -
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF were the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe in World War I. General Headquarters, AEF was responsible for all actions related to the command and control, organizing, training, sustaining, and equipping of all the American troops in Europe during WWI. American force of 14,500 that landed in France in June 1917 under the command of General John Pershing. Both women and blacks served during the war, mostly under white officers -
Espionage Act
The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code (War) but is now found under Title 18, Crime. Congress passed the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it a federal offense to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the Constitution, the government, the American uniform, or the flag. -
Sedition Act
Makes it illegal for anyone to make false statements that interfered with the prosecution of the war, insulting or abusing the US government, flag constitution or military; agitating against the production of necessary war materials; teaching or defending any of these acts In Sedition act it was illegal to speak, write, or print any statement about the president which brought him, in the wording of the act, "into contempt or disrepute." target Socialists, pacifists, and other anti-war activists -
Weimar Republic
People use the term to refer to a period in German history between 1919 and 1933 when the government was a democratic republic governed by a constitution that was laid out in the German city of Weimar after Germany's loss in WW1. It was too dangerous to make a declaration in Berlin where there had just been a revolt by a Communist group called the Spartacists. The history of the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) illuminates one of the most creative and crucial periods in the twentieth century. -
World Christian Fundamentals Association
The group was the earliest and most influential of the Adamist leagues, but was crippled in 1924 when an accident laid up Riley for six months. In 1925, Riley was instrumental in calling lawyer and three-time Democratic presidential candidate and fundamentalist Christian William Jennings Bryan to act as counsel at the famous Scopes Trial. However, the annual conferences drew increasingly smaller crowds until 1930 when Riley resigned and the WCFA became a minute evangelical society. -
Period: to
1920's
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NAZI
Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945. Founded in 1919 as the German Workers’ Party, the group promoted German pride and anti-Semitism, and expressed dissatisfaction with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the 1919 peace settlement that ended World War I (1914-1918) and required Germany to make numerous concessions and reparations. -
Ottoman Empire
empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Ottoman period spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At its height the empire encompassed most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna, including present-day Hungary, the Balkan region, Greece, and parts of Ukraine -
Immigration Act of 1924
The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. This was a was an influential legislation designed to curb immigration into the USA. It mainly limited immigration from southern and eastern Europe, and was thus accused of being discriminatory. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
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Securities & Exchange Commission
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a U.S. government agency that oversees securities transactions, activities of financial professionals and mutual fund trading to prevent fraud and intentional deception. The SEC consists of five commissioners who serve staggered five-year terms. This was established in 1934 to regulate the commerce in stocks, bonds, and other securities. After the October 29, 1929, stock market crash, reflections on its cause prompted calls for reform. -
The Dust Bowl
the dust bowl was caused partially by the great depression, due to the depression, farmers were trying to make maximum profit, so they cut down trees to get more land, planted too much, and let cattle graze too much, and that took out all the roots holding the soil together, causing the soil to loosen into dust and blow everywhere. the dust bowl was caused by farmers poorly managing their crop rotations, causing the ground to dry up and turn into dust and pushed many rurals to move to urban area -
Election of 1932
The 1932 election was the first held during the Great Depression, and it represented a dramatic shift in the political alignment of the country. Republicans had dominated the presidency for almost the entire period from 1860, save two terms each won by Grover Cleveland and by Woodrow Wilson . And even in 1928 Hoover had crushed Democrat Alfred E. Smith, winning 444 electoral votes to Smith’s 87. Roosevelt’s victory would be the first of five successive Democratic presidential wins. -
National Recovery Administration
The National Recovery Administration was a New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt. The goal was to eliminatecompetition by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. The NRA was an essential element in the National Industrial Recovery Act which authorized the president to institute industry-wide codes intended to eliminate unfair trade practices, reduce unemployment, establish minimum wages and maximum hours. -
Holocaust
A specific genocidal event in twentieth-century history: the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Jews were the primary victims—6 million were murdered; Gypsies, the handicapped, and Poles were also targeted for destruction or decimation for racial, ethnic, or national reasons. Millions more, including homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Soviet prisoners of war, and political dissidents, -
Civilian Conservation Corps
employed about 3 million men (between 18-25) to work on projects that benefited the public, planting trees to reforest areas, building levees for flood control, and improving national parks, etc. Most pop form of legislation. Men only keep 20-25% of $, rest sent back to family. During the Hundred Days, Congress created the Civilian Conservation Corps to provide government jobs in reforestation, flood control, and other conservation projects to young men between eighteen and twenty-five. -
Emergency Relief Act
he Federal Emergency Relief Act, passed by Congress at the outset of the New Deal on May 12, 1933. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration was a federal government relief agency that was created by the law to provide relief support to nearly 5 million households each month. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Harry L. Hopkins as director of FERA which was allocated an initial fund of $500 million to help those in need. FDR authorized FERA to establish the Civil Works Administration -
Neutrality Acts
The Neutrality Acts were laws passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 to limit U.S. involvement in future wars. They were based on the widespread disillusionment with World War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United States had been drawn into the war through loans and trade with the Allies. gave president the power to prohibit US ships from carrying US made arms to countries at war; US citizens travelling on ships belonging to countries at war do so at own risk -
Munich Conference
The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September) after being negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe, excluding the Soviet Union. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany. during which the leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia. The Munich Conference came as a result of a long series of negotiations. -
Period: to
World War II
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German Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
The non-aggression pact was an agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east. signed by Hitler and Stalin, said that they would not fight each other/invade each other for 10 years, allowed the Germans to invade Poland soon after pact was signed. This allowed Hitler to concentrate on a one front war once the war started. He nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union so that his armies could invade Poland -
Allied Powers
World War II was fought between two major groups of nations. They became known as the Axis and Allied Powers. The major Allied Powers were Britain, France, Russia, and the United States. The Allies formed mostly as a defense against the attacks of the Axis Powers. the coalition formed by Britain and her colonies (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and India), France, and Russia from the Beginning of the war, and later other countries like Belgium, Italy, and the US -
Atlantic Wall
Extensive coastal fortifications built by the Rommel and the Germans with the intention of deterring an expected allied invasion of Normandy. The name given to a massive coastal defensive structure built on Hitler’s orders that stretched all the way from Norway, along the Belgium and French coastline to the Spanish border. The Atlantic Wall formed the main part of Hitler’s ‘Fortress Europe’. The wall was built to repulse an Allied attack on Nazi-occupied Europe – wherever it was planned for. -
D-DAY
The Invasion of Normandy. The Allied Forces of Britain, America, Canada, and France attacked German forces on the coast of Normandy, France. With a huge force of over 150,000 soldiers, Allies attacked gained a victory that became the turning point for World War II. Allied forces launched a combined naval, air and land assault on Nazi-occupied France. Allied landings on the Normandy beaches marked the start of a long and costly campaign to liberate north-west Europe from German occupation. -
The Battle of The Bulge
This was a battle in the winter of between the Germans and Allied forces on the western front. 2. This war was one of the last before the surrender of Germany. It was Hitler's last effort to repel the invadined forces. It was the single largest bloodiest battle American forces experienced, with 19,000 deaths. Last major Nazi offensive between Dec 1944 and Jan 1945. It was an attempt by Hitler to split the Allies in two in thir drive towards Germany eliminating their ability to supply each other.
