WORLD WAR I, LEAGUE OF NATIONS

By VickyRodríguez

  • FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

    Quarrel over Alsace and Lorraine. These provinces were taken from France and granted to Germany through the Treaty of Frankfurt.
    France was waiting for revenge >>
    Germany built the Triple Alliance to guarantee its safety.
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    GB'S SPLENDID ISOLATION

    Boers Wars
    Royal Navy + industrialisation + const. monaerchy > the master of the seas/the workshop of the world.
    GB realised how lonely she was > look for allies

  • Triple Alliance

    GERMANY
    AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
    ITALY

  • BERLIN CONFERENCE

    EFFECTIVE OCCUPATION > TITLE OF OWNERSHIP
    1st come, 1st served >> new territories meant new markets and new sources of raw material

  • The Triple Entente

    FRANCE
    GREAT BRITAIN - JOINED IN THE 1920s
    RUSSIA

  • BRITAIN CHALLENGED BY GERMANY

    Germany had surpassed Britain as an industrial nation.
    The arms raced began.
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    GB'S COMMITMENT

    Landsowne - Foreign Secretary - turned for support to Japan and then to France.

  • BRITAIN'S ALLIANCE WITH JAPAN

  • BRITAIN'S ENTENTE WITH FRANCE

    ENTENTE CORDIALE: Anglo-French agreements (friendly understanding)
    Each promised the other support in protecting their overseas colonies

  • CRISIS IN MOROCCO

    Morocco was a Frech colony (weak sultan), but Germany wanted to interfere because it saw Morocco as an outlet to the Atlantic. >>The kaiser proclaimed that the sultan was an independent sovereign. All European countries backed France's claims.
    1911- the Kaiser sent a gunboat to Morocco to protect German interests: SHOW OF FORCE that allarmed Fr and Br
    compromise: Germany abandoned Morocco to Fr but Fr ceded territory in the Congo to Germany in compensation

  • BRITISH DREADNOUGHT

    The most advanced battleship of the time, built to control Br overseas empire.
    (arms race)

  • TRIPLE ENTENTE

    BRITAIN'S ENTENTE WITH RUSSIA
    Anglo-Russian convention, they agreed on matters of territories.

  • CRISIS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVIINA

    Ethnic rivalry: the empire of Austro-Hungary was multiracial
    Economic rivalry with Russia, who wanted the Balkans to become indpenedent, but A-H would not allow that.
    After a revolution in Turkey, Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina > the Serbs urged Russia to help them, but it didn't: great disappointment.

  • DECLINE OF TURKISH EMPIRE and AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE

    Greece, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria attacked Turkey and drove most Turks out of most of the Balkans. The Austro-Hungarian empire was also weakening with thte advance of the Balkans to get their independence.

  • BALKAN WARS

    The Balkan League against Turkey
    Austria was determined to prevent Serbia from maintaining a route to the Adriatic sea.
    The Serbs remained a land-locked country
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    US NEUTRALITY

    during Wilson's administration: Idealist policy
    lot of trade with Br and Fr > angered Germany, it wanted to end American-Allies commerce

  • ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND

    OUTBREAK OF THE GREAT WAR
    Archduke of Astria-Hungary (heir to the throne) killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia (by Serbs)
    1st event in a chain of domino: from then on, the countries of Europe one by one slid into war.

  • AUSTRIA DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA

    Austria believed the Serbian gov had sth to do with FFerdinand's murder >>
    After sending an ultimatum to Serbia, Austria saw that Russia began to support the Serbs so Austria declared war on Serbia

  • GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA

    The French had mobilised her own forces in accordance with her agreement with Russia

  • GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON FRANCE

    Germany was surrounded by 2 enemies: on the east side, Russia, on the west side, France.
    Germany wanted to attack France first, so it decided to take a short-cut through Belgium.
    Belgium refused the passing of German troops

  • GERMAN TROOPS INVADE BELGIUM

  • BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON THE CENTRAL POWERS

    Britain declares war on the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
    from COMMITMENT to INVOLVEMENT
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    GB'S INVOLVEMENT

  • GERMANY ANNOUNCED WAR ZONE AROUND GB

    G declared a WAR ZONE around the Br Isles:
    *All enemy ships in the area would be sunk
    *Neutral vessels were warned to stay out
    *Passengers from neutral nations were warned to stay off enemy ships
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    US PREPAREDNESS

    Neutrality clashed with:
    *ethnic ties to Europe (ppl took sides)
    *trade and loans, ties with the Allies
    *Pro-Allied sympathies of Wilson's administration
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    US INVOLVEMENT

    The US declared war on Germany
    Factors that led to a change in Wilson's idealism:
    *U-boat campaign (American losses)
    *Unrestricted submarine warfare justification of Am intervention in the war: America should make the world free to keep democracy
    *Zimmerman Telegram (for Mexico to join Germany against US): intercepted by the Br and handed to the US
    The US could not become allies with Russia, democracy vs monarchy > Russia pulled out of the war in 1917

  • US-ESPIONAGE and SEDITION ACTS

    To silence dissenters of Wilson's war
    1918: Sedition Act *Committe of Public Information - propaganda agency

  • BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION

    The Civil War brought about a communist gov, but Russia could not fight 2 wars at the same time, so it signed a peace agreement with Germany - Russia lost a lot of territories

  • END OF WAR

    The American troops in Fr tipped the balance in favour of the Allies >> Germany sued for peace >> ARMISTICE

  • TREATY OF VERSAILLES

    Based on the 14 points document presented by Wilson > *Wilsonianism/Idealism
    *Clemenceau (Fr): wanted to take revengr from Germany, subject G and deprive it of all armed forces, to prevent future attacks, make them pay compensation
    *Lloyd George (Br): moderate position
    *Orlando (It): concerned with Italy's benefit from the TofV

  • PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

    Many treaties, T of Versailles
    outcome: creation of the League of Nations

  • Terms of the treaty

    *GARGLe
    -Guilt: blame was put on Germany
    -Arms: Germany's military forces cut down
    -Reparations had to be payed by G
    -German territory losses...
    -League of Natons

  • CREATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

    The US didn't join because, although WWilson wanted to, Congress disagreed, as did some Americans, they wanted non-alignment, isolationalism, 'return to normalcy', they didn't want 'collective security'.

  • CONFLICT IN CORFU - FAILURE

    Mussolini bombarded and occupied the Greek island of Corfu. Greece appealed to the League for help. However, the League did not solve the conflict and it privileged Italy, making Greece apologize and pay compensation to Italy. It was not convenient for the League to punish Italy since it was the strongest member against Hitler.

  • DAWES PLAN

    Financial programme (launched by the US) to help European countries reactivate their economies (pay debts, pay reparations - Germany-, more jobs, more production, more international trade >> REDUCED TENSION)

  • LOCARNO PACT

    *Germany accepted the borders with France and Belgium,
    *Germany accepted that the Rheinland should be demilitarised
    *1926-Germany was accepted in the LofN

  • KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT

    The member countries condemned war as a means of solving international disputes > peaceful means, BUT countries would keep their armed forces for self-defense > SERIOUS BLOW FOR THE AIM OF DISARMAMENT

  • WALL STREET CRASH

    The US could no longer help European countries so they stopped trading as much as they had been doing
    1 of the factors that led to the failure of the LofN
    Fewer Am loans to Europe
    European industries had to close down
    Unemployement rates went up
    Protectionist policies (high tariffs, etc.)
    International trade decreased
    Profist deceased >>couintries were desperate to find new ways of wealth
    rise of dictators (Hitler, Mussolini)

  • DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE

    What to do with Germany? It wanted equality as regards armament.
    It was a complete failure.
    Hitler took Germany out of the League

  • MANCHURIAN CRISIS

    Japan argued that the Chinese had purportedly sabotaged the railway Japan had built in Manchuria. So the Japanese overran Manchuria and set up a puppet gov.
    China appealed to the League. Long and frustrating delay in the League's action, because it didn't want powerful Japan as an enemy > League's Moral condemnation of Japan's acts.
    Instead of withdrawing, Japan said it would invade more of China. Japan resigned from the League
    *economic sanctions wouldn't work without the US
    *...
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    ABYSSINIAN CRISIS

    Mussolini was interested in Abyssinia's fertile lands an mineral wealth, so he claimed it was Italinan territory. Abyssinia appealed to the League, which played for time, because it was desperate to keep good relations with Mussolini who seemed their stronger ally against Hitler.
    sanctions by the League (but delayed oil sanctions)

  • HOARE-LAVAL PACT

    secret dealing:
    Br and Fr foreign ministers offered Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssinia if he called off his invasion
    it leaked to the press>disastrous for the League: act of blatant treachery

  • APPEASEMENT

    2nd half of the 30s
    Policies of concession applied by Br and Fr to Germany, Italy and Japan, in order "to avoid war" (actually to buy time until Fr and Br grew stronger to face them)
    Ended when Hitler invaded the Sudetenland

  • Rome-Berlin Axis

    agreement between Hitler and Mussolini

  • AUSTRIA ANNEXED TO GERMANY

    Thanks to a plebiscite - almost 100% od ppl decided they wanted Austria to be annexed

  • MUNICH AGREEMENT

    Four-Power Conference
    Non-aggression agreement
    Br agreed to give the Sudetenland to Germany and G took all of Czechoslovakia

  • NAZI-SOVIET PACT

    To invade Poland (Germany from the left and USSR from the right) and become neighbourign coutries

  • HITLER INVADES THE USSR