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The Crusades was a holy was against the christians and muslims. The fought for the holy land, Palestine. Extended trade routes are like the only good thing that came of it.
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During this time society changed and city states rose. They used humanism, inspiration from the ancients, and secular writers. Art was also popular during this time.
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This was a long war between France and England. The king of England claimed that he was the rightful king of France which kind of started the whole thing. The war had a lot to do with transforming France from a number of feudal lands to a national state.
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A plague that came from Asia and spread to Europe. Carried by fleas that traveled on rats. This plague killed so many it could wipe out cities.
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The Chinese resented the Mongols rule, so when Kublai Khan died China rebelled. This was the rise of a new dynasty, when Zhu over threw the Mongol empire and introduced the Ming dynasty, meaning brilliant.
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Gutenburg was traditionally given credit for the dramatic upheaval of the printing press. Until the printing press reproducing writing could only be done by hand. His first publication was a 1,282 page Bible
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Zheng He is a Chinese Muslim admiral. He led 7 voyages around the Indain ocean, traveling in huge fleets, and wherever he went he presented gifts from china. His voyages demonstarated Ming China's growing sea power.
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A peasant girl who believed God has chosen her to lead France to victory. She achieved a montemous victory over France. Joan was tried with witch craft and heresy so she was burned at the stake at age 19.
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The Ottomans led a major land and sea assault against the constantinople. Their forces destroyed the city walls. After a seige of about 2 months, Constantinople fell.
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Columbus thought he could sail west from Spain to reach China. In theory he was right., but map size was wrong. He reached an island in the carribean after 2 months, but thought he reached the Asian Islands known as the indies.
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In Spain jews, gypsies, and moors were forced to convert to Christianity. Those who refused were ecpelled out of their country, many Jews chose exile rather than giving up on their religion. This actually ended up hurting spain because they lost an important portion of its workforce.
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Vasco da Gama set out for India in 1947. He stopped by African ports along the way and learned that muslims were already involved in trade.It took more than 10 months to reach the city of Calicut in India.
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Shortage of labor in the Americas led the beginning of slave trade accross the Atlantic. Europeans needed lots of workers on their plantation. Later, Africans became a part of a triangular trade and the Middle Passage.
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Persion Muslims are called Safavids. The founder of this empire was a 14 yr old boy name Esma'il, he later gained the title of shah. Trade goods brought wealth to this and many more. This empire lasted until 1722
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Columbus thought he reached Asia, but it was actually America. It was not until Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the coast of Aouth America and proved it wasnt a but a new land. Mapmakers named it after Amerigo in his honor.
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Da Vinci was highly talented. The Monal is admired still to this day. It tries to capture the complexity of the human spirit with its mysterious smile.
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Michelangelo is most famous for his artwork he did on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. It is from the old testamentof the Bible. Historians consider this the greatest achievment of paintings because the characterization of biblical characters.
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Martin's Theses weren't for the common people but for the leaders of the church, because it was written in acedemic latin. He had a problem with the church selling indulgences. So he nailed a list to the church door.
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Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail west around the world, sailing for spain but born in portugal. They landed in the Phillipenes where Magellan was killed in a fight against the native people. However his crew sailed on and arrived back to spain, they were the first people ever to circumnavigat around the world.
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The Mughals reigned as India's first muslim empire. This empire was known for it's wealth and power. Abkar the Great became the greatest of all Mughal rulers.
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Spain reached the peak of its glory during the reign of Philip II, mainly because of a steady stream of gold and silver income. The gold did not solve all problems because Philip was a strong catholic this clashed with protestants, there were religous revolts and the empire had a decline. Almost all of its problems were internal, Philip spent all wealth on warfare sometimes even went bankrupt. Spain declines as a major power.
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Pizarro heard of the wealth of the Incan Empire. So he goes there but already most of the town was wiped out by smallpox, so a civil war had begun. Atahualpa the new emperor was taken prisoner so he gave them tons of golds and silvers but they killed him anyways.
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Henry wanted a divorce because he believed Catherine would not give him a male off spring. The catholic church would not agree to the anullment of Henry and Catherine. Henry then summoned the Reformation Parliament which made the pope have no authority over England, which gave Henry to be the the Head of the Church of England.
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Copernicus discovered that earth revolves around the sun. He developed a detailed mathematical explanation of how it worked. First scientist to create a complete model of the solar system.
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Pope Paul III called to gether the council of trent. It was a meeting of church leaders whose purpose was to clearly define Catholic doctrines for the Catholic Reformation. This all lasted until 1563.
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When Mary died her half-sister Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyn, became queen. She was a protestant at heart, and when catholics threatened to over throw her she persecuted them. She was a strong queen who survived the struggles, firmly establishing the Church of England. She also drafted a Supremacy Act separating England from Rome.
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Jamestown, the first English colony, hoped to find gold and silver and a river route to the Pacificin the Americas. Instead, they found marshy ground and impure water. In the first winter 80% of the first settlers died.
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Louis reign was both posotive and negative. Louis had absolute power over Versailles, he also smashed all power of the Huguenots. Money was always a concern because he demanded such a high living style and used most money for army equipment. Louis was so power hungry he wanted power beyond the borders which led to the War of the Spanish Succession.
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China grew prosperous and expanded to its largest size in history. They had two outstanding emperors: Kangxi and his grandson Qianlong. Kangxi reduced taxes, supported arts and entertained jesuits, while Qianlong expanded the empire by conquring many places. China was rising.
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Thomas was a royalist who fled to France during Cromwell’s rule. His book the "Leviathan" was considered a classic work of political science. In it, he described humans as being naturally selfish and fearful, and argued that people needed a powerful monarch to tell them how to live. This stirred up a lot of controversey.
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Oliver led the Roundhead forces & was a member of the Parliament. He had risen tin power tremendously, and eventually england was under his rule. The govenrment became republican based, and he strictly ruled by not allowing public entertainment.
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He became czar as a child so his sister ruled until he became 17. His first act was to storm the Azov, which he was completely prepared for so the Turks surrendered.He modernized and reformed his country, also founded St Petersburg the city.
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The Enlightenment is a time of optimism and possibility. This is also know as the Age of Reason. The ideas that came from this inspired educated people throughout Europe and beyond.
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Catherine was unhappy with her husbands ruling so her and her allies siezed power of his rule and she became czarina. She had early reforms, such as removing the restrictions on trade and education systems. This created conflict because some of the people were very unhappy with it so they started revolting.
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The constitution was ratified in 1788 and officially adopted in 1789, they established a federal system of shared power. That added three branches to the federal government. This signified a new era of constitutional democracy.
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King Louis XVI of esates general called a meeting. It was about France's Parliament, the representatives of the third estate rebelled. So the National Assembly adopted by The Declaration of the Rights of Man, which expressed revolutionary priciples of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
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The Reign of Terror was an outbreak of civil war. There was accusations and trial, if you were found guilty you were probably sentenced to death by guillotine. After this terror France had to start fresh with a new government.
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Napoleon was an ambitious military leader. He soon had strengthened his power over France, and he wanted to be crowned emperor so he sumbmitted a plebiscite. He had a strong desire for empire so after he became emperor he wanted to rule Europe which led to the Napoleonic Wars
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Heavy rain delayed the battle til late morning. Napoleans army was no match for the combined forces of Britain and Prussia. The French was drove off by the end of the day.
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Established a strong centeral government, with shoguns, which brought a period of relative unity, peace, and stability in Japan. With this periond, they had became close to the Europeans, which led to a wide spread of christianity. They feared destabilization that others might cause, so they closed their country to the outside world until 1867.
