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Period: 1095 to 1291
Crusades Are Fought
The Crusades were when Christians fought Muslims for power of Jerusalem. Crusade means cross, the Christians would wear crosses as a symbol of their religion. Around 2/3 of the Christian world had been been conquered by Muslims by the end of the 11th century. There were a total of 9 Crusades. The Muslims won 4 0f the 9 Crusades. -
Period: 1185 to
Era of Samurai
Samurai were powerful militaries in Japan. The Samurai valued loyalty and courage. They were so loyal that if they failed a mission or disobeyed a leader they would commit suicide(aka seppuku) by stabbing themselves in the abdomen. The sword was their best/favorite weapon because guns took too long to load and were hard to aim. Samurai lived their lives according to Bushido, which stressed loyalty and self-discipline. -
1300
Renaissance Begins
The Renaissance took place in Europe from the 14th century to the 17th century. This was a time of learning, art, new technology, exploration, and religion. Leonardo de Vinci, Michelangelo, and Rafael are the most well known artists from the renaissance. The type of art that was made during the Renaissance reflected individuals, beauty and mystery. The renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. -
1337
100 Year War Begins
The 100 Year War was a war between England and France over the succession of the French throne. King Edward III declared himself as the King of France because his mother was from France, England also wanted independent possession. England was winning for many years, but Joan of Arc of France leads the French to victory and re-claims their land. The war was actually 116 years long. -
1347
Black Death Begins in Europe
The Black Death arrived in Europe by sea in 1347. Twelve Geonese ships docked in Messina carrying the disease. Most of the people on board the ships were already dead. Sicilian authorities ordered the Geonese ships to leave immediately, but the disease had already started spreading. More than 20 million people died of the Black Death. -
Period: 1400 to
Slave Trade
European countries established the slave trade in west Africa to obtain workers for the sugar and tobacco plantations in South America and the Caribbean. They also collected slaves for the cotton plantations in the southern U.S. Eventually, Portugal, Spain, England, and France establish the slave trade from Africa
to bring workers to sugar and tobacco plantations in South America. People realized the slavery wasn't ok so movement to abolish slavery began to grow in England and later in America. -
May 30, 1431
Joan of Arc burned at stake
Joan was captured by Anglo Burgundian and was tried for witchcraft and heresy.
She was a catholic saint and national icon
She was a commander of the French army
Believed that God had chosen her to lead the French
She was 19 when she died -
1440
Johannes Gutenburg invents printing press
Johannes invented the first printing press made from metal letters that could be moved around
He printed the Bible
Was born in Germany
He was in a lot of debt because be had a loan of 800 guilders
It's believed that he went blind during the last few years of his life -
May 29, 1453
Fall of Constantinople
Sultan Mehmed conquered Constantinople from the Byzantine empire in 1453. The Ottomans used heavy artillery such as cannons to break through the large walls of the city. Many people were killed, and as a result, the Byzantine empire ended. Constantinople was the trading capital of the world because it was located between the Black and Mediterranean seas. Today, Constantinople is known as Istanbul. -
Nov 1, 1478
Start of the Spanish Inquisition
The purpose of the Spanish Inquisition was to consolidate power in the monarchy of the Spanish kingdom. The grand inquisitor acted as the head of the Inquisition. Tomas de Torquemada was the first inquisitor, he was known for torturing his victims. An edict was issued giving Jews the choice of exile or Baptism. Around 300,000 Jews were expelled from Spain. -
Period: 1492 to 1534
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the wide-spread transfer of plants, animals, culture, disease, human population, technology and ideas between the Americas and The Old World. Goods from Europe and America were being traded and the oppurtunity of a new life in the Americas was appealing for many Europeans. The changes in agriculture significantly altered the world population. A by-product of the Columbian Exchange was the Atlantic slave trade. 12.5 million African were pulled from their countrys'. -
Aug 1, 1498
Christopher Columbus Lands in the New World
Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa Italy. On August 3rd 1492, Christopher Columbus set sail from Palos Spain with three ships, paid for by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. Columbus first landed at the Paria Peninsula in present day Venezuela and claimed it to Spain. He thought that the peninsula was an island but it was actually a part of South America. The East Indies were what Columbus was looking for. -
1506
Mona Lisa Completed 1506
The Mona Lisa is a portrait that was painted by Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance. It is one of the most valuable painting is the world. It is believed to be portrait of Lisa Gharardini, the wife of Francisco del Giocondo. The painting was done with oil paints and took 3 years to complete. Today, it is property of France and is located at the Louvre Museum in Paris. -
1508
Michaelangelo begins painting the Sistine Chapel
Michaelangelo began painting the ceiling of the chapel for the Pope
He was famous because he had already done Pieta and David
People didn't think that he was a good painter, they just knew that he was a good sculptor.
It took him 4 years to complete
He painted monumental figures that embodied strength and beauty
The purpose of the chapel was to serve as a gathering place for cardinals for the catholic church to gather and elect new Popes. -
Period: Apr 21, 1509 to Jan 28, 1547
King Henry Vlll Reign
King Henry played a huge role in the Reformation, converting his country to a Protesant nation. He had six wives and be-headed two of them because he desperately wanted a son. After his death, his only son, Edward, became King at 9 years old, but he died when he was only 16. After Edward's death, one of his daughters, Mary, (aka bloody marry) became Queen. She was Catholic and hated Protestants with a passion, she killed many people. After Mary's reign, Elizabeth became Queen -
1513
"The Prince"
"The Prince" is a book about how to acquire and maintain political power, written by Niccolo Machiavelli. The book is thought to be one of the first works of modern philosophy. By writing this book, Machiavelli received a reputation as an atheist and an immoral cynic. He wrote the book with hopes of gaining favor with the Medici Family. The Pope banned the book however, because he thought it was a threat the the Roman Catholic authority. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther posts 95 Theses
Martin posted a list of things that he think the catholic church should stop doing on the front doors of a catholic church.
He was born in Germany
He hated the fact that the church was selling indulgences
He sparked the Protestant Reformation
He was born as part of the Holy Roman Empire -
Aug 13, 1521
Cortez Conquers the Aztecs
The Spanish conquest, lead by Herman Cortes, was a huge accomplishment for European settlers. Mexico was were the Spanish landed and were the Aztec Empire was located. Montezuma was the leader of the Aztecs. Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztecs and is presently known as Mexico City. Cortes's conquistadors invaded Tenochtitian, killing 240,000 Aztecs and ending the Aztec Empire. -
Period: 1533 to 1547
Ivan the Terrible Reign
Ivan was the first tsar of Russia. His reign started out very well. He completed the unification of Russia and consolidated the Muscovite. After his wife Anastasia died, Ivan got his name. Russia was involved in many unsuccessful wars between Sweden and Poland. Ivan imposed very strict discipline and torture. -
Period: Sep 7, 1533 to
Queen Elizabeth's Reign
Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of King Henry and Anne Boleyn. After the death of her half sister Mary, Elizabeth took the thrown. Mary hated Protestants and had converted England back to Catholicism, but Elizabeth changed it back to Protestant. Queen Elizabeth lead England to defeat the Spanish Armada. She never got married, so when she died, the Protestant King James became James l of England. -
Period: 1545 to 1563
Counter Reformation
The Counter Reformation is also known as the Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival. This was a period of Catholic resurgence initiated by the Protestant Reformation. To keep people from becoming Protestants, Catholics would persecute non-catholics. Some church leaders didn't like what the Catholic church was doing so they reformed. Protestants who fought against the Catholic churches were Huguenots. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between King Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire. It was created to help with religious conflicts caused by the Reformation. Each Prince was able to chose between a Lutheran or Catholic religion. The treaty mostly resolved the conflict between the two groups. Calvinists, however, were ignored and not mentioned in the treaty. -
Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada was a fleet of 130 Spanish ships that attempted to invade England. Spain wanted to invade England because they were a Protestant nation, were helping Spain's dutch rebels, and kept attacking their treasure fleet. England's Sir Frances Drake and Charles Howard were able to defeat the "invincible armada". The Spanish Armada is still known to be one of England's greatest military accomplishments. -
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes was signed by the French King, Charles Vl. The treaty assured huguenots some rights in a once strictly Catholic country. Charles Vl was originally a huguenots, but converted to Catholic so he could become King. The Edict of Mantes granted huguenots freedom of religion and legal equality. Later, King Louis XlV revoked the treaty, causing many huguenots to relocate. -
William Shakespeare's Death
William Shakespeare was a very successful and well know author and playwriter. He is still believed to be the best selling fiction author of all time, selling over 4 billion copies of work. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, are some of his most famous works. Shakespeare was born, and died, in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK. He was buried at the Church of Holy Trinity in the UK. -
Petition of Rights
The Petition of Rights was sent by English Parliament to King Charles l, complaining about a series of laws he broke. The petition had four principles: no taxation without the consent of Parliament, no imprisonment without cause, no quartering of soldiers on subjects, and no martial law in peacetime. Charles broke a few of the laws mentioned in the petition and caused conflicts. Oliver Cromwell was a puritan who hated Charles l's ideas, and eventually had him executed. -
King Charles l Executed
King Charles l was executed for treason in London in 1649. Charles wanted to be an absolute ruler, but parliament wouldn't let him, which started England's first civil war. Parliamentarians were lead by Oliver Cromwell, a puritan. Puritan forces defeated the royalists. Oliver then convicted King Charles of treason and had him executed. -
Lord George Macartney Expelled
Lord George Macartney was a British diplomat. He went to China to discuss expanding trade. China thought that his goods were inferior to their own, Macartney also refuses to kowtow, so they expelled him. In China, a kowtow is when a inferior bows to superior After this China isolated itself and didn't trade with any other countries. -
Period: to
Opium War
The Opium wars were two wars that involving Anglo-Chinese disputes over British trade in China and China sovereignty. The British began trading Opium from India in exchange for Chinese silver. Opium is what we now call Heroin. At the time, opium was illegal in England, but not China. Eventually Chinese officials banned opium because they didn't like how everyone was doing it. The British got mad because they could no longer trade opium with China.
