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Western Settlement
Homestead act is established in this time. The Homestead act provided 160 acres to new settlers. It improved for 5 years for landless farmers, former slaves, and single women. The Morrill Land Grant College Act funded new universities in sparsely populated areas. During this time taxes were placed on the sale of public land. -
Economy of the West: Farmers
Farmers struggled in the economy of the West during the 1880s. Conflicts that farmers had to face contained droughts, insects foreclosure of farms, and decreasing prices of foreign wheat on the farms. Other factors that contributed to this conflict would be when large farms become most profitable at this time. Farmers also had an issue with the railroads because they believed they weren't being treated fairly by railroad companies. -
Economy of the West: Cattle
Cattle Drives were known during this time. There was longhorns, which were a mixture between Spanish and English cows, and was considered a popular American dinner tables. Long Drives consisted of no transportation of goods from south into Texas on railroads. Most cowboys were Hispanic or black. They were considered to have manliness, courage, and independence. -
Conflicts of the West: Killing the Buffalo
Buffalo's were considered the source of native life. Buffalo's were almost hunted near extinction by Americans. Afterwards only a few thousand buffalo's were left by the late 1880s. Eventually the government signs treaties with the western natives. These treaties protects hunting grounds, and lead to the beginning of reservations. -
William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst was involved in Yellow Journalism. Yellow Journalism is considered to be dramatic, and tends to over exaggerate. It was used against Spanish, and it increased newspaper sales. Hearst cooperated with Joseph Pulitzer, he simply stated that Pulitzer would supply the pictures, and he'll issue the war by doing Yellow Journalism. -
Imperialism: Technology
American companies invest in overseas, and our country receives millions of products, enough to build steel ships that function faster than a normal ship. Eventually leads to the Great White Fleet by Henry Cabot Lodge making U.S Nay ships the 3rd most powerful navy. The product of improved functioning ships increased communication bringing news at a faster pace. Some boats were built off steam power giving a quicker travel on water. -
President McKinley
William McKinley, a republican, ran for president in the Election of 1900 against a democrat named, William Jennings Bryan.He is known for protecting tariffs, and ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity. McKinley wins easily from a landslide against Bryans becoming the 25th president of the United States. -
Imperialist Policy: Latin America
The Panama Canal is known to be the shortest route between the Caribbean and Pacific. It was bought for 40 million by Teddy Roosevelt, and constructed to have systems of locks, artificial lake, and insects were eradicated. It took 10 years to built and opened in 1914. The Roosevelt Corollary meant the U.S. was an international police power. Latin America was in debt, and causes Monroe Doctrine to be resurfaced. The Dollar Diplomacy was a U.S. investment that maintains dominance over the region. -
Teddy Roosevelt
Great White Fleet was known as a powerful U.S. Navy battle that was ordered by Theodore Roosevelt, who was the POTUS at the time.
He introduced the Big Stick policy and it refers to his quote,"Speak softly and carry a big stick" eventually Europe reacts positively from his policy.
During the Russo-Japanese War Roosevelt negotiated a peace treaty with Japan, afterwards he received the Nobel Peace Prize. -
Imperialism: Japanese Immigration
Anti-Japanese laws in America consisted of it being illegal for Japanese immigrants to own property, SCOTUS states that they were ineligible for citizenship. Afterwards congress suddenly ban Asian immigration in 1924.
Gentleman's Agreement ordered by Roosevelt limited Japanese immigration. This gained Japanese sugar workers for Hawaii, and Japanese were issued passports to families not in America and would marry whomever they are matched with in America. -
Imperialism Immigration: Angel Island
Angel Island is known as an Immigration detention because Chinese immigrants were detained and questioned to prove they knew someone who was a U.S. citizen or be deported back.
Paper sons were known to be Chinese immigrants that migrated illegally to the U.S. and lost their birth records during the transition or weren't given one.
Thousands of Chinese immigrants migrate here after the San Francisco earthquake. -
WW1: Beginnings Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand is an Austria-Hungarian heir. A secret Serbian society called, the Black Hand, located in Sarajevo, Bosnia planned to assassinate Ferdinand. He was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, who was a member of the Black Hand, on June 28th of 1914. Ferdinand's wife, Sophie, was also killed with Ferdinand as well. -
WW1: Trench Warefare
No man's land is a huge area of land that contained barbed wires, artillery shell holes, and many dead bodies.
Solders would experience Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) also known as shell shock during the war. Soldiers would spend 3 weeks in trenches and get only 1 week off. Deadly gases like Mustard Gas would be thrown into the trenches. -
WW1: Central Powers
During the World War 1, the central powers allied with countries like Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. A significance of the central powers would be the Franz Ferdinand was the Archduke of the Austro-Hungarian Empire before he was shot, and this triggered violence. Another significance would be the fact that WW1 was a battlefront between Russia and Germany. -
WW1 The War: Russia
In the Eastern Front, it is largely trench-less, and the Imperial Russia collapses. This causes Tsar to be overthrown, and Bolshevik Revolution is occur in 1917. Russia turns into a communism country, leaded by the leader of the Bolshevik Party, Vladimir Lenin. After the revolution, Lenin leaded the new Soviet government formed in Russia. -
WW1: The Home front- Industry
During this time, the industry starts to make weapons ranging from gases to guns to provide for their countries army. Since most of the men in a family left to go fight in the war, women would take factory jobs to manufacturing weapons, and other products. The food would be priced high to converse for the troops in the war, which is why women needed to accept the job to work in the factory. -
1920's: Jazz
Tin Pan Alley was known as New York City music publishers and singers, they dominated American music in the late 19th century into early 20th century. Jazz evolved from the Harlem Renaissance period by known jazz musicians named, Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. The views of Jazz consisted of white jazz bands being formed, jazz venues allowed whites and blacks to attend, and many citizens thought jazz incited lewd behavior. -
WW1: Neutral Power
The United States is considered as neutral power during the World War 1. The U.S. entered the war due to the German's resuming unrestricted submarine warfare, and Germany got an idea to make alliances with Mexico due to the Zimmerman telegram. -
WW1: Allied Powers
The countries under the Allied Powers would be Great Britain, France, Serbia, Russia, Japan, Italy, and several other countries. The Allied Powers were formed as a defense against the aggression of the Central Powers. This is also known as the Entente Powers due to the alliance between Britain, France, and Russia. -
WW1: Spanish Flu
This was a new strain of disease that caused a worldwide pandemic. Overall around the world the disease kills millions of individuals, and 25 million Americans got sick. 675 thousand Americans die in their home from the disease. It is considered the deadliest in history, and there was not effective drugs or vaccines to treat this disease at the time. -
WW1: Dead in Numbers
In the end of the war millions lives are lost due to the war in the United States we lost 116,500 soldiers from 6 months of fighting. Germany lost 1.8 million soldiers in the war. France lost 1.3 million soldiers that fought against the Central Powers. Britain lost about 722 thousand soldiers from their country. Russia lost about only 6-7 people compared to the other countries listed. Germans were overwhelmed and quit the war gaining no U-boat success. -
1920's: Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance is known to be the artistic movement during the 1920's and 30's. The Harlem Renaissance was filled with photographers, musicians, and writers. It was improving lives, whites adapt to the movement, and this movement denounces African Americans trying to be white by lightening their skin and straightening their hair. -
1920s: Cars
In the beginning of the era an explosion in car ownership was known because a new car model called, Ford Model T, and citizens considered it to be cleaner than the other cars.
The cost of a car would be from 20-45% of take-home income, and most citizens bought cars on credit and sometime it would be 100% income. The fumes from automobiles created air pollution.
New industries consisted of oil, new roads with tunnels and bridges, and hospitality industry like cottages, etc. were built. -
1920's: African Americans
The Ku Klux Klan was formed during this time. They brought fear along with Red Scare, suffrage, prohibition, and immigration. It was initially suppressed by the government. The membership of the Ku Klux Klan increased to be millions involved in the 1920's.
Black communities were assulted by white mobs. Suddenly two African American boys named,Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, were lynched by the KKK then hung.The Klan targeted Jews, African Americans,Catholics, Immigrants, and Feminists. -
1920s: Working Life
During the 1920 the working life guaranteed worker safety, unions, good wages by the U.S. government. The working life also provided benefits like pensions, stock ownership, medical insurance, sick leave, and paid vacation. Leisure was also given to workers, they had more time off. Americans were satisfied with their goods, cars, they had radios, house hold items, and silent films were created for another form of family entertainment. -
1920's: Flight
Charles Lindbergh was the first person to fly across the Atlantic in an airplane. The name of his plane was called, Spirit of St. Louis, and he flew his plane non-stop from New York City to Paris(3,610 miles) in May 1927. The trek from NYC to Paris was 33.5 hours leaving Lindbergh awake for 55 hours straight flying. Afterwards airplanes had become popular and numerous, and this made Lindbergh a rock-star. He promoted commercial air travel, became a WW2 fighter pilot, and NAZI supporter before. -
World War 2: The Pacific
Japanese and Americans ignore military reduction agrrements, and Japan starts building an empire in East Asia. Japan invades Manchuria/Indo-China and they kill 6 million Chinese. They have sanctions put on Japan, and were limited Iron and Oil. The U.S. freezes Japanese assets like oil shipments. The Japanese Military ordered a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, and they damaged 8 american battleships due to Japanese Kamikazes. Planes and supplies were destroyed, Aircraft carriers were not there. -
World War 2: Navajo Code Talkers
Code talking was associated with Cherokee's and Choctaw people during World War 1.They are known to be associated with bilingual Navajo speakers. The Navajo Code Talkers were recruited by the Marines to serve in their communication unit. The Navajo Code Talkers job is to transmit secret messages in Navajo for the U.S. so the Japanese can not receive any information or plans of the Americans. During the World War 2 Japanese never broke the code. -
World War 2: Death of FDR
Franklin D. Roosevelt runs again for president, and he wins the Election of 1944. Due to his poor health, FDR says that he doesn't want to run again after this election. He is running president one last time because he believes it is his duty for the nation. On the 12th of April 1945 FDR dies in Warm Springs, Georgia. Vice president, Harry Truman, takes over FDR's label as the President of the United States during the rest of FDR's unfinished time, and the war. -
Imperialism: American investment in Cuba
Cuba had just gained their independence from Spain, their first rebellion in 1860's failed and concessions increased autonomy. This causes America to heavily invest 50 million in Cuba, and the exports from Cuba went to the United States. The second rebellion happens in Cuba causing a economic depression in the 1890's, making the rebels destroy sugar plantations but leaving the American plantations alone. -
1920's: Women-19th Amendment
The 19th amendment granted women the ability to vote. Two women that are significant to this cause would be Susan B. Anthony and Francis Willard. Susan B. Anthony founded the National Women Suffrage Association, and from there she worked her way up to make voting allowed for women. Francis Willard was a suffragette during the women right's movement and the temperance movement. Her goal was to link the conflicts of liquor and the woman suffrage, she started a petition for women's right to vote. -
1920 Politics and Popular Culture
Teapot Dome Scandal was about the greed and corruption within the government at the time. Albert Fall was a former secretary of the Interior charged with accepting bribes from oil companies for an exchange of exclusive rights to drill on federal land. He is considered to be the first cabinet member to go to prison. The Teapot Dome Scandal included illegal liquor sales, leased oil preserves, etc. This is known to be the largest political scandal in the 20th century. -
The Great Depression: Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover was orphaned as a child, years later he became president of the United States in 1928. He classifies himself to be humanitarian, introverted, and a poor public speaker. In the beginning of his presidency is was considered to be doing good so far leading the nation. Hoover limited government intervention and started to give attention towards business cooperation. Hoover is known for the stock market crash, and the beginning of the Great Depression when he was the president. -
The Great Depression: Hoovervilles
Hoovervilles were described to be shantytowns that were on the outskirts of major cities. These were created because president Hoover maintained intolerable economic and social conditions in the United States. These Hoovervilles were becoming popular and crowed because civilians that didn't work were evicted from their home. The 1932 president, Franklin Roosevelt, won against Hoover, Roosevelt started New Deal recovery programs, and tore down remaining Hoovervilles. -
The Great Depression: Hoover Flags
Hoover flags was a statement civilians did by taking the inside of their pockets and pull them outwards to show that they had no money. -
The Great Depression: Election of 1932
In the Election of 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) ran against Herbert Hoover for presidency.Herbert Hoover is a Republican, and formed the Bonus March that sealed fate. He was indifferent towards people. FDR is a democrat that runs a conservative campaign. FDR wins overwhelmingly against Hoover, he was elected 4 more times. FDR is diagnosed with polio, and known to be the 5th cousin of Teddy Roosevelt. He is described to be charismatic and likable. -
The Great Depression: Eleanor Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt is known as Teddy Roosevelt's niece, and the cousin of FDR. She was FDR's right hand when he was president. Civilians viewed her to be awesome because she cared for people and their plight. She is usually traveling than being in D.C.,Eleanor is known to be the First outspoken First lady causing women to be interested in politics. She hated the south of the United Stats because of how they treated African Americans. Her legacy was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. -
The Great Depression: Banks
During this time Bank Holiday was declared during 1933 for good and bad banks. Civilians deposited more than the amount they withdrew, and the Federal Reserve complaint that banks reopen.
The Glass-Stegall Act was formed due to the situation with banks at the time. Federal Deposit Insurance Cooperation (FDIC) was provided by the government to insure small accounts. This separated investment from commercial banking, and no speculative loans or stock purchases with deposited money. -
The Great Depression: Migration
During the Dust Bowl many Oklahoman's (Okies) and other Midwesterner's flee approximately 400,000 migrate. They travel to California for harvesting, but Californians detested Okies. The Okies lived in makeshift camps on roadsides. During the time a photograph known as the, Migrant Mother Photograph, captured civilians attention from different areas in the United States. The photograph was taken by Dorothy Lange, contains Florence Thompson as the mother in the photo and symbolizes the Depression. -
The Great Depression: Supreme Court Packing
The SCOTUS frequently shot down FDR's New Deal legislation, and FDR claimed that justices' old age were hampering their decisions. So FDR proposed to increase the number of justices to 15, and one for every justice over 70 that served more than 10 years because he wanted New Deal justices. Unfortunately, FDR's plan failed against the Republicans, and they win in 1938. He halted the New Deal, and SCOTUS fell in line upholding other New Deal legislation. -
World War 2: Hitler
Adolf Hitler was considered a natural orator and charismatic. He takes leadership of the Nationalist Socialist Party also known as NAZI. Hitler wrote a book called, Mein Kampf, which translates to My Struggle, which blames all problems on Jews, and tells that he wanted territory in Eastern Europe. Eventually the depression hits Germany, and Hitlers radical ideas take hold making him Chancellor. An event caused Hitler to give emergency power, and bans all political parties, then becomes Furher. -
World War 2: Invasion of Poland
The invasion leads to the beginning of World War 2. Hitler invades Poland using war strategies like Blitzkrieg, Penetrate and Surround, and using tanks, planes and infantry.This leads to Britain and France declaring war on Germany. As a result, Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway, then passes through Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg. The French defenses were shattered, causing British and French troops to be routed. -
World War 2: Diplomacy
FDR signs the Neutrality Act, which at the same time installing fascist governments in Europe. FDR states that day that any American ships were to show a licence to carry arms and restrict sailing to hostile countries.The Neutrality Acts lifted arms embargo, putting all trade with hostile countries under the term "Cash and Carry". This caused ban on loans to be remained, and the American ships were barred from transporting goods to these hostile ports. -
Progressive Era: Teddy Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt was known to be the youngest president at the age of 42, and was vice president to McKinley. Roosevelt was assassinated in September 1901. He was known to have energy and enthusiasm because he was a lecturer, and athlete. He was like-able because he saved a bear cub from being hunted, and had a toy named after him "Teddy Bear" from his heroic act. Teddy runs in the Election of 1912 and leads the progressive "Bull Moose" party for new nationalism. -
Progressive Era: Nature
Teddy Roosevelt wants to preserve nature so during the progressive reform he plans to build National Parks and National Monuments, and involving different parts of the reform like animal sanctuaries. Teddy was a conversationalist and a realist so he limited natural source extraction. Eventually National Park System is put in place, and big business conversationalists advocate. NPS is created and runs all national parks, monuments, and historical sites. -
Imperialism: U.S.S. Maine Incident
The U.S.S. Maine ship was heading to Havana during this time. The U.S.S. Maine deters Spanish loyalists, and it defends American property. In February 15, 1898 the U.S.S. Maine explodes in Havana Harbor. This causes the media to blame Spanish for the incident, and the media says that the Spanish planted a mine in the harbor where she ship was located at. Due to the incident of the original U.S.S. Maine a faulty ship was designed. -
Imperialism: War in Cuba
A war starts in Cuba causing American ships to blockade Cuba. Theodore Roosevelt, leader of the First Volunteer Cavalry, started a army called the Rough Riders that contained cowboys, cops, athletes, Indian scouts and African Americans. At the Battle of San Juan Hill/San Juan Heights Americans race to the top of the hill to secure the position, Roosevelt leading them. Americans surround Santiago, Cuba and Navy easily destroys Spain's fleet. The Treaty of Paris (1898) makes Spain give up Cuba. -
Gilded Age: Nativism
Americans were weary of immigration again, which caused nativism to occur. Immigration was stopped for that time causing slums and strikes to form an idea about this action. The Chinese Exclusion Act was formed, and the American Protective Association (APA) lobbied for restrictions. Immigration depots were known for deportation to take place at for criminals, the diseased, and radicals. Immigrants were given a literacy test to determine whether or not they can live in the United States. -
Gilded Age: City Reform
During the Gilded Age there was a period of the time when there was a reform. The reform included reforming police forces, sanitation, public parks, condemnation of slums, and importantly education. In the education category in the reformation it made public school mandatory for children and adults that wanted to gain knowledge. Immigrant children were allowed to attend to "Americanize" immigrants. The Pledge of Allegiance was mandatory to say in school. -
Gilded Age: City Centers
City centers became the center of commerce during the Gilded Age lifestyle in this era. The centers were vacant because no one lived there, and contained skyscrapers. The city provided mass transit, and suburbs for citizens in the outer parts of the area. The suburbs gave a quiet lifestyle, consisted of middle class individuals or families, and had no immigrants. The middle class became established during this time, and had fewer kids. -
Gilded Age: Lifestyle
During this time temperance was significant because women fought for temperance, and won. Women were known to be champions of temperance during the Gilded Age. Women wanted temperance because their husbands would arrive home drunk, and abuse them building up fear. Wives of men that arrive home drunk due to excessive amount of alcohol intake wanted to prohibit alcohol in order to stop the violence, and keep family wages. This movement created the 18th amendment, banning alcohol in the U.S. -
Gilded Age: Wizard of Oz
The book/ movie is an analogy to the Gilded Age. It is said that the Emerald City symbolizes Washington, DC for the green cash money. The Munchkins represent the immigrant, living in slums or crowded cities. Dorothy symbolizes hope and humanity for all of the United States with her shoes for silver. The Scarecrow represents the farmers, and the Tine Man represents the dehumanize factory workers that are dependent on oil. The Lion represents William Jennings Bryan because he was seen as a coward. -
Red River War
The Red River War took place in Oklahoma, Texas and it was a conflict on the Southern Plains. The United States army forced Native Americans to relocate to reservation in Indian territory. The Southern Plains Indians were upset over illegal white settlement and the buffalo devastation that happened. The Indians attacked white settlements as revenge for what they did to the Indians settlement. The Red River War was crushed in 1875, and it wiped out native resistance on the southern plains. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
The Battle of Little Big Horn is significant because it is the most successful action between the American Indians against the United States Army in the West. George Armstrong Custer led the offensive before reinforcements arrived during the battle of Little Big Horn. Custer wanted to be a hero, but he underestimated the size of the native forces. In result, Custer was slaughtered but the media portrayed Custer as a hero when actually he was played down due to his error. -
1920's Women: Birth control
Margaret Sanger was a nurse, and the only birth control advocate during the 1920's. She believed that children made women improvised, and offered birth control for women. Sanger opens the very first birth control clinic, and provides birth controls to women. She educates women things like about the dangers of illegal abortions, and contraceptives. Sanger gets arrested, and charged with providing information upon contraceptives and fitting women for diaphragms. -
1920's Women: Eugenics
Eugenics is said to be an improvement of human race through selective breeding, they believed in birth controls. Eugenics wanted to eliminate bad traits so they started sterilization programs. They would sterilize the mentally ill, individuals who were criminals, epileptics, and African Americans. -
The Great Depression: Fireside Chats
FDR connects with the public compared to Herbert Hoover. He would do fireside chats on the radio. He talked every week for the nation to hear. When he would air on the radio he reassured them that things were getting done. He was very optimistic and working hard to improve conditions. He did these chats from 1933 up to 1944 by the time it ended he had done 28 radio chats. -
The Great Depression: The Dust Bowl
A massive storm of dust that leads to topsoil being blown away. Droughts and poor farming are the effects of this storm affecting the Great Plains majorly. The storm was worst for the Southern plains because it blanketed major cities, and millions of cattle die from suffocation. There will hardly be any agriculture in the Southern Plains during this time. When the dust storm would be heading civilians area, they would barricade themselves in their homes as best as they can. -
The Great Depression: New Amendments
The 20th amendment changes term dates for President and Congress. The amendment makes the Presidential inauguration in January instead of March. This also determines the time their time in office ends, and identifies who will take the position of POTUS if the president dies. The 21st amendment repeals the 18th amendment, making alcohol legal again for everyone. The 21st amendment prohibits the transportation or importation of intoxicating liquors. -
U.S. Neutrality
The Great Depression hits in the U.S., and European countries defaulted American loans causing them to not help others. Cash and Carry allows waring nations to buy goods with cash only. FDR states his public stance on the war by saying that he supports neutrality. From his private stance he says it was unavoidable. Churchhill pleads for help, so the program called Lend Lease is formed. The Lend Lease aids Britain and Russia, the U.S. lends them borrow ships, guns, and military machinery. -
World War 2: Pearl Harbor
Japanese airforce made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii. Hundreds of Japanese fighter planes flew to the base resulting in the damage of 8 battleships. Planes and supplies were destroyed, but the Japanese still failed to cripple American fleet. American Aircraft carriers were not there as well as battleships. The Japanese attack American and British territories in South East Asia. FDR asked congress to declare war on Japan after the horrific event. -
World War 2: Alliances
During the war, countries that were involved in the War were split into two powerful groups. The two major powers were called the Axis Powers, and the Allied Powers. The Axis Powers contained Germany( Hitler), Italy(Mussolini), and Japan(Emperor Hirohito). The Axis Powers were considered the enemy to the United States. The Allied Powers contained Britain(PM Churchill), British Commonwealth Nations, France, the Soviet Union (Stalin), and the United States(Roosevelt; Truman). -
World war 2: The American Homefront
Since the United States fear of Japanese attacking or invading the United States, FDR signed the Executive Order 9066. The order called exclusion and internment of all Japanese Americans from the West Coast in the Military zones. From here the Japanese Americans were banned, and sent to Internment Camps. Over 110,000 thousand Japanese- Americans and others like German and Italian Americans were forced into these camps, keeping them their during the whole war. The camp was under armed guards. -
Progressive Era: Unions
Individuals working in the industrial section organized unions fighting against the superiors. The labor union fought for better wages, reasonable hours and safer working conditions. This act led to putting effort in stopping child labor, giving what workers wanted like health benefits and providing aid to workers that are either injured or have retired. Unions had transcended politics, and brought a philosophical approach to the superiors for their citizens. -
Progressive Era: Blacklists
In the Labor vs. Industry trial industrialists would suppress workers. Industrialists would suppress private security, union options, and they fired union members. Blacklists became part of a act in this situation because industrialists would say something bad about an individual trying to get hired somewhere else which is preventing them from getting that job in that industry from what a previous employer says to the next one. -
Progressive Era: Industry Welfare
During the Labor vs. Industry the industrialists suppress workers needs. They kicked families out of company homes, fired union members, and would substitute workers. The Industrialists used benefits that enticed workers like with free medical care, pensions, education like kindergarten, and sports. Laborers counteracts by closing shops, and collective bargaining. -
Progressive Era: Workplace Accidents
Journalistic Investigations started happening when accidents started to become a problem in the workplace. These journalistic investigators showed that workers were seldom responsible for injuries, and employers began to pay more attention to workplace safety. Due to poor working conditions, and these journalists acknowledge workplace safety was needed to be put into place for workers sake and their family. -
Progressive Era: Child Labor
During this era children were needed to work in order to keep their family financially going. It is said that child labor builds character for some children, it leads to exploitation by big business to others, and some say it ruined children's childhood causing a damage to their health and lack of educational opportunities. Eventually new laws passed, causing SCOTUS to find them unconstitutional leading to school attendance chips into child labor. -
Progressive Era: Pure Food and Drug Act
The Pure food and Drug Act was a significant piece of the Progressive Era legislation. The Pure food and Drug Act's purpose was to protect the citizens against adulteration or misbranded food that varies from different ranges of products that are considered to be identified as healthful without scientific support. The government fines these food companies for false advertising. Teddy Roosevelt signs the Pure Food and Drug Act making it legal law. -
Progressive Era: Recalls
Corruption was beginning to form during the reform of the government. The corruption caused councilmen to replace ward bosses, and have direct primaries. Corruption included three populist provisions known as Initiatives, Referendum and Recalls. These were three powers given towards the voters. Recall elections were used to remove elected official from office before the end of their term. -
Progressive Era: 17th Amendment
The 17th Amendment allowed voters, not the state legislators, to appoint Senators to Congress. This amendment is considered important because it is part of the progressive constitutional reforms. The 17th amendment was meant to make the constitution, and our nation more democratic by giving citizens the right to vote for their Senators directly. This was supposed to strengthen the link between American citizens, and the federal government. -
The Gilded Age: Slums
Since cities were booming and developing more, civilians had to live in the slums due to city problems during the Gilded Age. The slums were known to be tightly packed because it was an heavily populated area in the city, and was considered for families that didn't make enough to live. In the slums crime consisted of prostitution, young single men, and anonymity had helped crime go up. Tenements were also common with the slums during the time, but involved renting the space for shelter. -
Gilded Age: Currency Reform
Issues are starting to be formed due to standardized national currency. The "hard money" keeps the status que (gold) for business, and the Republicans. The soft money is favored money for the labor, and democrats because the hard money couldn't support expanding economy (silver). Workers wanted silver and greenbacks in hopes that inflation alleviated debt problems. Democrats were towards the Silver Act for silver prices fall, but this causes the Panic of 1893. Coxey’s Army protested capitalism. -
Gilded Age: Assassination of President Garfield
James A. Garfield was shot and wounded by a man known to be his assassin, Charles Guiteau. Garfield held on to his life for 80 days until he finally gave in to his wound. Late president Garfield passed away on September 19th in 1881. Vice President Chester Alan Arthur took his place as president for the remaining time. Before Garfield was president he was serving in Congress, and won a place in the U.S. Senate in 1880 before his presidency. -
Gilded Age: People's Party/Populist Party
A 3rd party forms for the farmers, workers, and the reformers. The 3rd party was also known as the Populist Party or People's Party. This was meant to serve better interest, and independent of establishment. Corruption and Greed led to coinage of silver, graduated income tax, and storage of surplus. Democrats and Republicans attack populists, and the populist party didn't perform well nationally instead getting on state and local level. The Populist party includes industrial workers as well. -
Gilded Age: Election of 1896
William McKinley, a Republican, supported gold standard that he gave a speech called Cross of Gold. William Jennings Bryan, a Democrat, was towards free silver. During the election a battle over Gold vs. Silver was taking place having a 16:1 coinage. The gold would symbolize the rich, and silver symbolized the workers. The Democrats & Populists make more money in circulation because they would end monopolies and depression. Silver was more than gold, and both were to exist in the economy. -
Industrial Power: Laissez Faire
The Laissez Faire was when the Government would stay out of the private sphere. The Market takes care of itself having no regulations nor any rules. The term Laissez Faire was french meaning to leave alone or allowing to do. The Laissez Faire was a economic and political doctrine that holds economies function efficiently when not having debt or other financial liability by government regulation. Laiseez Faire is considered one of the guiding principles to capitalism, and free market economy. -
Industrial Power: Railroads
The railroads during this era almost consisted of being 200 thousand miles by 1900. Railroads went almost everywhere and traveled fast for goods or products. Railroads were considered cheaper to send products through, and new markets were established because of how effective railroads were. Cornelius Vanderbilt worked in shipping, and was a steamboat captain. He shifted his focus from the shipping industry to the railroad industry. Vanderbilt left an estate of about 100 million when he passed. -
Industrial Power: Monopolies
In the big business monopolies the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was established to originally make trusts illegal making it useless to tackle monopolies, and corporations bought politicians. Trusts brought companies under control from a board of trustees. The board was appointed by Rockefeller, and he had 40 companies in his trust. In 1890's Holding Companies replace trusts, shielding from Sherman Anti-Trust. Interstate Commerce Commission was declared unconstitutional by SCOTUS because it was weak. -
Industrial Powers: Steel
Steel was a building block of industrial America that couldn't mass produce early 19th century. Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant that grew up poor. Carnegie did hard work, and made an investment towards steel. He pushed production costs to lowest levels possible. When he retired, he gave away over $350 million to charity, and believed in the Gospel of Wealth.
Carnegie was first to invest in the Bessemer Process, the Bessemer Process was mass production of strong steel at low prices. -
Industrial Power: Robber Barons
Robber Barons consisted of greedy capitalists that grew rich due to shady business practices, and wielded widespread political influences. They stole gained wealth and power during intense economic and industrial growth in the era. Robber Barons are be viewed as Captains of the Industry, also known as entrepreneurs. A common practice would be political manipulation and worker exploitation. Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt and others were known to be robber barons. -
Industrial Powers: Exploitation
The workers in the Industrial America faced exploitation during the industrialization. Strict rules were being placed on them and they were expected to work in silence. Workers had to deal with foremen/managers that were new, and they enforced workplace rules upon their employees. Non-compliance in the workplace rules resulted in fines or termination. Blacklists were formed due to the lack of employees respecting the workplace rules. Employers would list "bad" workers so they wouldn't be hired. -
Industrial Powers: Strikes
In the early Industrial America strikes were being held. Workers started to strike by walking out of job with everyone else. These workers were striking for a better pay. Police routinely broke up strikes, and arresting the people that led these strikes. Soon the government interfered and ruled in favor of employers, and the labor unions didn't have money to continue striking. The Great Uprising meant that labor unions became better organized, and race issues between whites, Chinese & blacks. -
Industrial Power: Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor was an act to reorganize labor in this period of time. The Knights of Labor wanted to get rid of market competition for a cooperative one. It was open to all workers, and kept strictly secret to avoid sabotage by employers. The act boycotted businesses, contained a work day being 8 hours ,and equal pay for men and women working. Labor day was established as a national holiday because of the Knight of Labor. -
Western Romanticism
In Western Romanticism, Imagery is used for the west. The west is seen as an adventurous place having wide-open land, mountains, rivers, and Indians. During the time western-dime novels were popular out in the East, a character named Buffalo Bill appeared within many of these novels. The Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show was created for entertainment containing former cowboys, sharpshooters, and Indians like Sitting Bull. It shows what was dealt with like Indian fights, cattle drives, and others. -
Assimilation and Dissent
Assimilation began during this time because a few Americans saw injustice towards natives. Helen Hunt wrote a book called" A Century of Dishonor" about assimilation They supported educating natives so they sent native children to boarding schools, Sarah Winnemucca was a native and reformer during this time. Dawes Severalty Act called for breakup of reservations, the Ghost Dances resisted to white rule. The American Indian Citizenship Act legally gave Native Americans citizenship. -
African Americans
African Americans were known as Exodusters because they felt that they were on a journey to freedom. Exodusters were African American former slaves migrating west, some were successful and some settled on bad land. Some exodusters lacked money causing many to relocate back to the south, others continued on further west. Over 20,000 African Americans moved to the West seeking a new life hoping to be treated with fairness and respect. -
Immigrants
Immigrants were a common diverse of people in the west during the time period. Chinese,Irish, Swedish, Norwegian, and German immigrants migrate to the West of the United States. The Swedish, Norwegian, and German went to the northern areas, and Irish, Chinese immigrants were wage workers in the West. The Chinese immigrants faced racism and violence, and the Chinese Exclusion Act was formed banning further immigration to the U.S. Immigration Quotas were used to protect white workers. -
World War 1: Weapons
In World War 1 there was many new developments upon the Western Front. Deadly, Dangerous weapons were created and used against enemies during the time period. New developments included Mustard Gas, Airplanes, Tanks, and Machine Guns casing millions to die. Britain blockades Germany, and U-boats were common at this time, as well as the usage of German submarines. Planes were used to have dogfights in the air against the enemy, drop bombs, and Barbed Wire was used to have the enemy get caught in. -
Industrial Power: Haymarket Riot
A rally was organized by labor radical to protest killing and wounding of several workers due to the police during the day. The Haymarket Riot was an outbreak of violence in Chicago from workers demanding eight hour working day shifts increasing widespread to other American laborers at the time. In the Election of 1886 many hoped for labor friendly politicians, but the event of the Haymarket Riot weakens the Knights of Labor act. -
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Transforming The West
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The Gilded Age
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The Progressive Era
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Imperialism
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Industrialization (late 19th century)
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The Great Depression
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1920s
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