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New Immigration
-Immigrants came to make money & get away from war & persecution
-Chinese emigrated due to serve unemployment & poverty, came to the U.S. for Gold Rush and stayed for jobs the Railroad offered
-Made ghetto such as "Little Italy" & "China Town" to follow their customs
-Worked unskilled jobs for long hours & cheap pay -
Development of The Morse Code
-Consisted of letters, numbers, & punctuation to be transmitted over long & short clicks over railroad telegarph
-Samuel Morese created the 1st version of the telegraph
-Allowed faster communication
-Lead to the invation of the telephone, which lead to mobile phones used today
-Telephone post next to railroad tracks -
Homestead Act
-Purpose: Any citizen can occupy 160 acres of gov land for 1.20 and acre , after working hard to make the land better for 5yrs they can own
-Physical: Harsh climate in plains, little rainfall, tough soil, few trees & extreme temps
-Human: Able to be build SodHouses from Grass&Soil, BarbWire to keep animals off land, Steel plows tu turn soil.
-Drilling equipmetn to dig water wells & windmills into Western Frontier, 1/2 settlers from Europe & other 1/2 were children & farmers from East & Midwest -
Transcontinental Railroad
-Connected at Promontary Point, Utah
-Coast to Coast reduced from several months to a few weeks
-Raw materials & finished goods became less expensive
-Business expansion, rising demands for goods & cheap labor
-Buffalo were driven off with the indian
-Farming was easier & transported goods to market faster -
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Rise of Labor Unions
-Knights of labor formed in 1869, hoped to create a single national union by joining together all skilled & unskilled workers
-Purpose: to protect workers from being underpaid & over worked. They demanded an 8Hr work day, higher wages, & safety codes in factories
-Opposed child labor & supported EqualPay for women & restrictions on immigrants
-In 1892 striking union members & hired sercurtiy focus fought each other @ carnegies homestead plant -
Womens Christian Temperance Union(WCTU)
-It operated in the context of religion & reform, with matters of social reform such as suffrage
-Frances willard promoted womens rights & suffrage
-Willard became president of WCTU through education, WCTU hoped to obtain pledges total abstinence from alcohol, which will help pass the 18th Amendment & later the 19th amendment women right to vote -
President James Garfield
-Asns of president James A Garfield took place in Washingtion DC on July 2, 1881 Garfield was shot by Charles J Guiteau less than 4mnths into Garfields team as the 20th pres of the U.S
-The reason behind the asns was bc Guiteau believed Garfield owed him a patronage position in diplomatic corps & that the pres political decision threatened to destroy the republican party
-National civil service reform league took advantage by distributing a letter NaWi conn recent mur on Gar to promote PenAct -
Chinese Exclusionary Act.
-Federal Law signed by president Arthur prohibiting all immigration of chinese labors
-Cause: working class people feared that the chinese would lower wages for labor & jobs
-Feared they might lose their jobs completely to foreigners who work cheaper
-Effect: Essentially ended the growth of the chinese community in the U.S.
-Chinese were payed less & discriminated -
Pendleton Act
-Patronage system also known as spoils act, receiving a job for supporting as offcial
-What caused it was, reformers had long been calling for an end to the "spoils system" in civil appts
-The effect was the new law called for open competitive exams for all jobs classified as a civil service jobs -
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
-Cause: Passed the law largely in response to public demand that railroad operations to be regulated, creating the Interstae Commerce Comission (ICC) regulatory agency
-ICC was not powerful enough espescially after supreme court ruled that the ICC could not set max rate
-Laws regulating interstate railroads were unconstituational. If gives congress the exclusive power to regulate commerce with foregin nations & among the several staes & w the Indian tribes -
Bessemer Steel
-Steel was formed
-Existed since 11th Century
-Providing more steel, allowed more brides & railroads to build, lasted 10x Longer
-Expensive Industrial process by oxidation with air being blowin through molten iron
-Andrew Carnegie bought homestead steel works, Pennsylvania in 1888 -
Sherman Anitrust Act Andrew Carnegie
-Landmark federal statute in the history of US comp law passed by congress in 1890
-US struggled w anitcompetive practice between businesses
-Sherman anitrust act was the 1at major legislation associated w cartels & oppressive monopolies John Sherman -
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The Progressive Era
The Progressive Era was a time of social & political reforms during which corruption & social inequalities were esposed & many changes were made to American Society -
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Populist Party
-Wanted Gov. to take larger role ending oppression, injustice, & poverty
-Platform unlimited coinage of silver to raise form prices
-Secret ballot to protect voters graduated income tax
-Shorter work day, immigration restructions
-1892 Fire Senators Elected
-1893 Economy Collapsed on Scarcity of Currency
-1896 William J. Bryan Elected 4 President, he than lost election to republian William Mckinley -
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Ellis Island (NY)
-Not treated fairly: mainly east & southern europeans
-Cheated them of their money
-Located in upper New York
-Had to have good health
-Would only have 6sec physicals & if failed, they would be sent back to Europe -
Captain Of Industrury Andrew Carnegie
-Andrew Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Corporation in Pittsburgh where he dominated the Steel Industry
-Cities called them Robber Barons due to ruthless tactics they used to destroy competiton & to keep their workers wages low
-Had iron ore fields, coal mines, & steel mills, he owned the start-finish to the production of steel a monopoly
-Gospel of Wealth he was attacked because he didnt use his wealth to pay workers more
-Philanthropy giving away 350 mill to build libraries & endow unvrsit -
Pullman Strike
-Was nationwide in U.S
-American railway against the pullman
-12,000 U.S Soldiers were sent into action in Chicago
-Federal gov. broke the aru efforts to shut down the national transportation system
-American runaways went against pullman company , affected 27 states
-Violence, 30 strikes killed, 57 wounded
-Property damage $80 Million -
Red Record
-Written by Ida B Wells
-Wells lead a fierce anti lynching crusade based on blacks being killed w/o formality of judicial trial & womens suffrage
-This opened up peoples eyes to Anti Lynching laws & helped with fight against womens suffrage that led to the 19th amendment -
Plessy Vs Ferguson
-A landmark US court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial public facilities under the doctrine of deperate but equal
-A man named Plessy bought a 1atClass ticket out the press street depot boarded a "WhiteOnly" train car to challenge Louisianas segregation laws
-The ruling basically granted states legislative immunity when dealing w qustions of race
-1st time we have law for seperate establishment but equal -
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Muckraker Journalism
-Muckrakers often worked to expose social dirty tricks, corporate & political corruption
-The journalistic movement came in US after 1900s & continued to be indluential until WW1
-Society was interested by the articles that were pointing out political corruption, industrial monopolies & fraud business
This rallied up journalists, novelists & reformers of all sorts of criticism of society
-Muckraking was a large movement that disappeared between 1910-1912 -
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)
-Founders Ida B Wells & W.E.B Du Bois
-Purpose is to ensure the political, educational. Social & Economic equality of rights of all persons & to eliminate race based discrimination
-Effect: They bring this to everyones attention & fight for their justice -
The Jungle Book
-A novel written in 1906 by Upton Sinclair, He wrote the novel to potrey the harsh conditions & exploited lives of immigrants in the U.S.
-Most were concerned with his exposer of health violations & unsanitary practices int the American meatpacking industry during the early 20th century, which lead to the fune food & drug act. -
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Angel Island (CA)
-Located northeast of San Fransico Bay, California
-Immigrantion station open
-Men, women, & children were separated
-Any chinese who could prove their citizenship through lineage would not be denied entry
-They treated them differently based on their race, sex, nationality, & class
- Major groups/nationalities: Chinese Immigrants
-When arrived they locked them up likes criminals -
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Progressive Bull Moose Party
-Major Candidate: Theodore Roosevelt
-Platform: Women's Suffrage, Social welfare assistance for women & children, form relief, workers compensation
-Tried to give the nomination to Charles Evan Hughes which caused the party to be enitrely dissolved
-Also split the Republican Party due to it being harder to elect & harder to win, in the end Woodrow Wilson won -
Federal Reserve Act
Cause: The gov. was pursuaded, it needed a J.P Morgan in 1906 for future panics
Effect: Money rushes were insariety high & a lot of inflation
-An act to provide for the establishment of federal reserve banks, to furnish an elastic currency to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the US & for other purposes. -
19th Amendment
-The 19th Amendment guarentees all American women the right to votes
-In 1848 the movement for womens rights launched on a national level w convention in NY
-Many activists formed organization that raised public awareness & labbied the givernment to grant voting rights to women -
Americanization
-Americanization is the process in the U.S. to assimilate into American Society
-The Americanization moven=ment was nationwide organized effort to bring millions of rcent immigrants into the American Cultural System
-AKA Loyalty Day: Day set aside for the recognitions of the heritage of American Freedom, Intended to replace "May Day" which commemorates the 1886 Haymarket Massacre