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Original Pledge of Alligance
-Bellamy had hoped that the pledge would be used by citizens in any country
-The Phrases "To the flag of the Unites States of America" was added to the pledge of allegiance in 1923 so it could be specific of US
-The Phrases "under god" wasn't added to our pledge of allegiance until 1954 in response to threat of Communism -
Langston Hughes " The negro speaks of River"
-It was a Harlem Renaissance artists, he wrote the poem to revolve the importance of roots & the way they provided meaning in life.
-it influenced the value of the African race during the Renaissance era
-The crisis is the official magazine of t he (NAACP) National Association of the advancement of colored people, founded in 1910 -
Social Darwinism
-Haves were rich people, or people that had power
-If you were poor or not educated then it means that they don't deserve to have money or power and they were a have not
-Concept behind Social Darwinism was racism, money, and power
-What social classes owe to each other was pamphlet by William Graham Summers about solving social problems created in 1883-1903 -
Henry Ford
-Was an engineer early automobile manufacture.
-He introduced the assembly line in 1914 increasing production by moving car along a conveyor belt while workers completed their assigned tasks -
Red Score
-Xenophobia is the fear of foreigners
-Many Americans were scared of the communist because the communist have overthrown Russia in 1917 and murdered them
-A series of bomb explosions in 1919, including an attempt of Mitchell Palmer, lead to a campaign against the communist
-No communist were discovered, lives were ruined due to the raids -
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Transitional Immigration
-After the was the need for unskilled labor went down, the US set up a quote system in order to limit immigration
-The immigrants who were a;ready here were being discriminated & were forced to be Americanized
-It affected their plans to go back to their country b/c fear of not being able to return.
-New business activity centered in cities which caused many people to move
-new banks throughout the country helped finance economic growth by making loans to business -
UNIA
-Marcus Moisah Garvey
-The members pledged themselves to do all in their power to conserve the rights of their noble race and to respect the rights of all mankind believing always in the brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God.
-North and the frustration of struggling to cope with the urban life set the scene for Garvey's back of Africa movement
-He went to Jamaica and was kicked out of the US
-He wanted the people to come back to Liberia which was movement "Back-To-Africa" -
19th Amendment
-On August 18, 1920 the 19th amendment to the US constitution granted American women the rights to vote, A right known as women suffrage buy 1818 the National Women Suffrage association (NWSA) and the collective suffrage movement had gathered enough influence to lobby the US congress for a constitutional amendment this has allowed women to ghave the right to vote to this day -
Emergency Quota Act
-Restricted immigration into the US
-The reason for passing the act was that the flood of immigrants in recent years, had negative wage effects on Native ban Americans
-Following the WW1, both Europe and US were suffering economic and social upheaval
-The Russian revolution and the dissolution of both Austria-Hungarian Empire and Ottoman Empire Led to greater immigration to the US -
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National Origins Formula
-Restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions of the population it aimed to reduce the overall number of unskilled immigrants, and to prevent immigrants from changing the ethic distribution of the population. It discriminated against the southern and canters Europeans. Th Govt, allowed 2% of the population into the nation. The Asians exclusion completely out. The act caused immigration to drop by to almost 5000,000 people between 1920 and 1922 -
Emergency Quota Act ending with the start of WW1
-The act proved in the long run the most turning point in America immigration policy because it added two new features to the Americans immigration law numerical limits on immigration and the use of a new quote system for establishing those limits
-The law aimed at father restricting the southern and eastern Europeans among Jews -
Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic fight
-Charles Lindbergh & the spirit of the St. Louis completed the first non stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927
-The purpose plane had been named the "Spirits of St Louis & the pistol was to be " Charles A Lindbergh"
-Henry Ford made a Trimurti airplane in 1926 translating flights by Charles Lindbergh & Amelia Farhort helped to promote Cargo & commercial instruments -
First Solo Transatlantic Flight
-Name of the pilot was Charlie Lindbergh
-Name of the plane was the spirit of St. Louis
-Start of this flight was Roosevelt field NY to land at La Bourget Airport near Paris
-He changed public on the value of ar travel and laid the foundation fort he future development of aviation -
First Solo Transatlantic Flight
-Pilot was Charles Lindbergh
-Plane was Spirit of St Louis
-Start of the flight was Roosevelt field NY to land at La Bourget Airport in New Paris
-Changed the public opinion on the value of airport and land the foundation for the future development of aviation -
Fats Waller
-Area of influence: influenced the are of music, Jazz music originated from African American communities from new Orleans in the Us during the 19th century. Jazz music allows and individual musician express themselves on their instrument s
-Popular worn listed+ Aint misbehaving, is a musical revue tribute to the black musician of the Harlem renaissance in the 1920 and 30s -
Harlem Renassiance
-The Great Migration led to the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970
--The Jim Crow laws lead to a mass migration from the South to places like New York, because the African Americans wanted to get away from the Jim Crow laws and the racism in the South.
-Mass migration of African Americans from the South during the WW1, which had helped fill New Yorks industrial needs -
Teapot Dome Scandal
-Albert B Fall, a close friend of various oil executive, managed to get reserves transformed from the Navy to the "interior Department"
-1920's involved national security big oil companies & corruption of US and selling military land. Events led decades before government & Us navy officials new global presence. -
Nativism
-The policy of protection the interests of native- born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
-The cause of nativism was to protect the natives born Americans especially of anglo-saxon extraction and they are the ones who have superior rights to the "foreign-born"
-the trail of Sacco and Vanzetti, and ku Klux Klan, used nativism in order to gain public acceptance -
Eugenics
-Eugenics is ta set of beliefs sand practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population.
-The government under Theodore Roosevelt created a national heredity commission that was charged to investigate the genetic heritage of the country and to "encourage" the increase of good and (discouraged) the vicious elements in the cross-bred American civilization -
Duke Ellington
-Was a jazz composer, he called his music "American Music"
-His 50 year career, played over 20,000 performances in Europe, Latin America, Middle east and Asia.
-Ellington's orchestra began its four year residency at Harlem's famous cotton club in 1927, succession of popular radio broadcasts
-His name became known after the successes of "Mood indigo' & "It dont mean a thing if it aint got the swing" (1932)
-Cotton club black artist and white audience, Ellington music crossed all racial barriers