-
Friedrich Engels: Nov 28, 1820 - Aug 5, 1895
Engels, a German philosopher, coauthored Communist Manifesto and was Karl Marx's closest collaborator. Together, Marx and Engels founded the Socialist Theory or Scientific Socialism.
The Socialist Theory is based on materialism and not religious or idealistic beliefs. Marx, K. and Engels, F. (2012). The Communist manifesto (Manifesto of the Communist party). Mansfield, Connecticut: Martino Publishing. [Link Text] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAhceJjX8iQ -
Rudolf Carnap: May 18 1891 - Sep 14 1970
Carnap was a very influential philosopher in the 20th century. In addition to being a member of the Vienna Circle, he made contributions to the theory of probability, inductive logic and modal logic. He also viewed metaphysics as meaningless, and viewed many philosophical problems and pseudo-science. Carnap, R. (1937). The logical syntax of language. Oxford, England: Harcourt, Brace. -
Moritz Schlick: Apr 4 1882 - 22 June 1936
In the 1920/30s, Schlick was a key member in the Vienna's Circle. A group known for creating Logical Positivism, and the Verification Theory. The thought behind this is that a statement can come in two groups; one that doesn't require further verification because it's either true or false in meaning alone and the other needing to be verified or falsified by ordinary observations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e1gdGluXI8
Schlick, M. (1925). General Theory of Knowledge. La Salle: Open Court -
Carl Gustav Hempel: Jan 8 1905 - Nov 9 1997
Hempel is most known for the Theories of Confirmation, or the Raven's paradox. The Raven's paradox asks the questions, what does it take for a piece of evidence to confirm a hypothesis rather than unconfirm or neutralize it? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SKmqh5Eu4Y
Hempel, Carl G. (1966). Philosophy of Natural Science. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall.
