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Henry Cabot Lodge
Helped write the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
In the Senate he advovcated military STRENGTH as the best tactic for peace for imperialism
Conservative Republican U.S Senator from 1893-1924
Imperialism- policy of extending a country's power & influence through diplomacy or military force -
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
-Teddy Roosevelt was one of Mahan's followers
-This book he wrote the influence of sea power upon history
-Argued to achieve world power a country needed a power navy
-Naval bases to provide fueling solutions -
Open Door Policy
-Cause- they wanted to build an Empire
-U.S did not have a sphere of influence of economic activities
-Protect American businessmen & inventors that American would shut out China by the European Powers
-U.S participation would oppose any attempt by other nations to use the Rebellion as an excuse to dismember China -
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Stanford B. Dole
His relation w/us-Him&His family made the Dole Pineapple Company
Effects- played a prominent & active role in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani
Govt. 1900-1903
Connections- family had pineapple plantations led the provisional Govt. while it worked out plans for the U.S to annex the island during Spanish-American War -
USS Maine
In 1898, USS Maine was sent to Havana, to protect U.S interests during a Cuban Revolt again
Although the explosion remains unknown
The Hearst & Pulitzer newspaper blamed the Spanish for sabotage
The sinking of Maine set off a fire storm making the people protest in the U.S -
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Expanding World Power
-In this time period, America changes their view from internal expansion and domestic issues to becoming a global force, both economically and militaily -
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The Spanish American War
Cause- U.S wanted to become an empire, U.S intervention from the Cuban patriots against Spain from the 1870-1898
Locations of War- Manila Bayy in the Philippines on May 1, 1898
Cervera led the Spanish to Santiago July 3 & tried to escape westward along the coast
Effects of Treaty-
Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish War
Made U.S world power
U.S Military After War- Made its Navy Stronger, because they thought a strong Navy was essential t defend trade and grow international interests -
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Theodore Roosevelt- Rough Riders
-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt raised a volunteer force known as the " Rough Riders" acting with other army regiments. They defeated Spanish forces at San Juan Hill in Cuba -
San Juan Hill
-Was a decisive battle of the Spanish-American War
-The San Juan heights was a North-South running elevation about 2km east of Santiago DE Cuba
-Rough riders were ordered to engage 760 Spanish soldiers defending the San Juan heights. The battle that mode T.R famous was actually fought on Kettle Hill -
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Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
-Roosevelt unexpectedly became the 26th president of the US after the assassination of McKinley
-Roosevelt "Square Deal" domestic program included a promise to battle large industrial combinations
-Foreign policy was to bring the US out of its isolationism and fill its responsibility as a world power
-After the death of Garret Hobart, Theo became vice president -
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Panama Canal
Built to shorten distance ships had to pass btw Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
Transport cargo quicker
U.S made a new country ( Panama ) by negotiating with Panamanian rebels and over throw Colombian Govt.
Construction of the canal costs thousands of lives and $400 million -
Roosevelt Corollary
Changed/Stated Purpose- to cahnge Montroe doctrine to keep European nations out of Latin America
Based his Latin American policy on a West African proverb that said "Speak softly & carry a big stick"
"forced the U.S to exercise of an international police power"
Actually did- U.S would now use force to protect its economic interest in Latin America -
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Dollar Diplomacy
Purpose- promote American Foreign policy goals
Intended Adv.- make America more money
U.S bankers lent money to Latin American countries if they couldn't repay loans U.S Marines were sent to assure repayment by force
Occurred in Caribbean Region -
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World War I
-Central powers Austria, Hungary, German Empire, Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bosnia, Italy, and the U.S
-Triple Entente France, Russia, Great Britain, and Japan
-Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife was gun downed which led to WWI -
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Weapons of Total War
A-Submarine(p)go underwater(E)-Create mines(Underwater Bombs)(C)-Enemy Ships
B- Mines(p)destroy surface ships and submarines(E)-destroy enemies(c)-hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a Harbor
C-Machine Guns-(p) not carry guns around made it easier(e)took up to many men to work(c)make warkilling easier
D-Trench Warfare(p)protect soldiers from enemies (c) both sides to use same methods which protected them from machine guns (e)not matched by similiar advances to mobility -
Sinking of the Lusitania
The sinking of the Cunard Ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred on 05/07/1915
1st World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland the British Royal Navy
Blockaded Germany -
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
-Unrestricted submarine warfare was 1st introduced in WWI in early 1915, when Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships including those from neutral countries, will be attacked by the German Navy -
Sussex Pledge
-The Sussex pledge was a promise made in 1916 during WWI by Germany to the U.S early in 1915, Germany had instituted policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare , allowing armed merchant ships but not passenger ships to be torpedoed w/out warning -
Espionage Act
-The act was designed to crush subversion and silence critics of the war. For those convicted of aiding the enemy obstructing military recruitment, protesting, conscription, or say or doing anything to impeded the war effort
-The max fine was $810,000 and 20 yrs in Federal Prison -
Zimmerman Telegram
-The Zimmerman Telegram was an internal diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in Jan/1917 that proposed a military alliance b/w Germany and Mexico in the event of the U.S entering WWI vs. Germany -
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American Expeditionary Force
-Nicknamed AEF
-Consisted of the U.S army sent to Europe under the command of general John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight in WWI
-Total of 1.3 million soldiers arrived in France
-AEF fought in France alongside French and British fores against German forces in the last year of the war the men in the AEF army were nicknamed Dough Boys because of the white belts they wore -
Fourteen Point Plan
-The fourteen point plan ideas were distributed would wide by the gvt. writing for George Creel in the American Committee on public info
-Millions of copies of booklets and pamphlets that explained Wilson's plans were distributed to allied nations and dropped from planes above Germany
-Allies agreed to accept the fourteen points as the basis for the country peace negotiations if Wilson would agree to two reservations -
American Expeditionary Force
-The commanding general was John J. Pershing
-The AEF'S nickname was "Doughboys"
-They had more than 500,000-1,000,000 men, the AEF sustained about 320,000 casualties and 204,000 wounded during the war
-U.S. divisions were deployed with French and British units to gain combat experience by defending relatively quiet sectors of their lines. The AEF helped push the allied powers toward victory under the command of General John J. Pershing. -
Battle of Argonne Forest
-The AEF assembled 600,000 soldiers + 40,000 pieces of artillery
-A total of 1.2 million Americans were involved 117,000 were killed or wounded
-Fought through the hilly terrain and shattered the German line
-Final allied offensive of WWI that structured along the entire western front to help end the war -
Alvin York
-He was said to kill over 20 German soldiers and captures an additional 132 at the head of a small detachment in the Argonne Forest near the Meuse River in France
-The German commander had underestimated the size of the enemy squadron, surrendered his garrison some 901 men
-York was awarded the highest American military decoration, the Congressional Medal of Honor -
Treaty of Versailles
-The treaty's terms was Germany to take the blame, Germany had to give up land to France, and 4 other countries, Germany had to pay for all the reparations, and the German Army was limited to 100,000 men.
-The league of nations was created
-The U.S saw this treaty as an unfair punishment, so Woodrow Wilson proposed 14 pts.
-The U.S was offered to join the League but turned it down because of foreign affairs,k so the U.S went into isolation until the Stock Market Crash -
Schenck vs U.S
-Charles Schenck was convicted for distributing literature that encouraged men to resist the draft during WWI
-Schenck claimed his 1st amendment rights were violated
-Court ruled there were limits to freedom of speech like "clear and present danger" or shouting "fire" in a crowded movie theater were not protected by the 1st Amendment -
League Of Nations
-Intergovernmental organization as a result of the Paris Peace Conference
-Purpose was to maintain world peace
-Weakness- lacked there own armed forces they depended on the great powers, but they were reluctant to help
-The league severely weakened when several major powers, such as the U.S and Russia, failed to join it
-The league proved incapable of preventing aggression by axis powers and countries started withdrawing from the league
