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Age of the Steamboat
*Trade expanded for the North & South
*Transportation quickly became preferred mode of water transportation.
*Rivers only go North & South
*Railroads go West & East
*steamboat is steam , not harmfull
*Invention of the steamboat was the beginning of Railroad, but were the Westward Expansion& boost for the West
*Symbol of the West
*1st Steamboat (Clermont) was sailed on the Hudson -
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New Immigration
*Immigrants came to make money and get away from war and persecution
*Chinese emigrated due to severe unemployment & poverty , came to the U.S for the Gold Rush and stayed for jobs the Railroad offered
*Made ghettos such as "Little Italy" and "China Town" to follow their customs
*Worked in unskilled jobs for long hours and cheap pay.
*Worked for unskilled jobs , long hours and cheap pay -
Development of the Morse Code
*Consisted of letters, #'s , Punctuation to be transmitted over long &short cliens over railroad telegraph
*Samual Mores created the first version of telegraph
*Allowed for faster communication
*Lead to the convention of telephone which led to cells
*Telegraph lines followed next to railroad tracks -
Nast Cartoon
*Used cartoons to attack Tammy Hall
*Abused politicans by stealing their money bribes for votes
*got arrested & sentenced to 12 years in prison
*Nast gained as a cartoonist, he is remembered for his cartoons about Boss Tweed
* Nast brought Tweed to the newspaper for his wrong doings
*Tammary controlled the Democratic party in New York -
Homestead Act
*Purpose- Any citizen can occupy 160 acres of government land for 1.20 an Acre , after 5 years of working on the land they can own
*-Little rainfall, few trees,extreme temperatures, tough soil all in the Great Plains
*Human-1/2 settlers were from Europe the other 1/2 was Children and farmers from East & Midwest
- stimulated movement of farmers westward
* Time of railroads
*Tribes had to use steel plows to turn soil, Drilling equipment to dig water wells & Windmills to haul water
- Dry Farming -
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Boss Tweed & Tammy Hall
*William"The Boss" Tweed ran on an Efficient & Corrupt political machine based on support
*Machines provided jobs , food, & city services to immigrants and irish in exchange for their votes
*openly bought votes, encouraged judicial corruption, extracted millions from city bcontracts & dominated New York politics
*The Boss was elected to the U.S house of representatives in 1852 & the New Yor county board of Supervisors
*Supported the Democratic party -
Transcontinental Railroad
*Connected at Promonotary, Utah
*Coast to Coast reduced from several months to a few weeks
*Raw materials & Finished goods became less expenisve
*Business expansion , rising demands for goods and cheap labors
*Buffalo were driven off with Indians
* Farming was easier & transported goods to manufacturer -
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Rise of Labor Unions
*Knights of labor formed in 1869 and hoped to create a single national union by joining together all skilled and unskilled workers
*Purpose of labor unions was to proect workers from being underpaid and overworked and demanded an 8-hour work day , higher wages, and safety codes in factories. They opposed child labor and supported equal pay for women and restrictions on immigrants
*In 1892 striking union members and hired security forces fought each other at Carnegie's Homestead plant -
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Gilded Age and Westward Expansion
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Period: to
Gilded Age & Westward Expansion
*Gilded age was a time of greed , shady business practices, and vulgar displays of wealth
- Name came from Mark Twain & Charles Dudley
*This time period is characterized by economic growth, widespread poverty, westward expansion and political corruption -
John D. Rockefeller
*Founder of the Stardard oil company which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S business trust.Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry
* Monopoly-Standard oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil refining and marketing in the U.S through horizontal integration. In the Kerosene industry , Standard oil replaced the old distibution system with its own vertical system. -
Chinese Exclusionary Act
*Prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the U.S , passed in response to NATIVIST(individuals opposed to the new waves of immigrants) sentiment.
*immigrants were encouraged to assimilate into American culture
*Americans atributed unemployment and declining wages to Chinese workers.
*detained for health or legal reasons, or deported before entering the U.S
*faced the threat of poverty and often struggled to survive due to competeition for jobs and living space -
Andrew Carnegie
*Industrialist leader used Horizontal and Vertical Alignment to reduce competition and expand their companies
*Reduction of competition led to the creation of monopolies and trusts
*Some people viewed these men asd "Captains of Industry" , while others viewed them as "Robber Barons" -
Haymarket Square Riot
*Labor radicals protested killing&wounding of several workers by chicago polic during strike the day before at McCormick Reaper works
*Rally near Chicagos Haymarket square, someone threw bomb at police, 8 victims died, lack of evidence-8 were convicetd
*Josesph E Gary(Judge) imposed death sentence on 7. 15 yeras in prison on 11/11/1887 4 hung 1 commited suicide
*Haymarket considered as origin of international may day , many years after police regarded as martyrs & workers as violent anarchists -
Bessemer Steel
*steel was formed
*Existed since 11th century
*Produced more steel ,allowed more bridges and railroads to be built, the railroad lasted 10x longer
*Andrew Carnege bought Homestead steel works in Penyslvania
*Inexpensive industrial process by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron -
Homestead Strike
*Henry Clay Frick & Andrew Carnegie stepped up productions
*When union refused to accept the new conditions, Frick and carnegie began to lock the workers out the plant
*caregie steel moved quickly to institute longer hours and lower wages
*Homestead strike inspired many workers but it also understood how difficult it was for any union to prevail against the combined power of the corporation & the government -
Hull House
*Provided child care, nursing services, English lessons to immigrants help find jobs & to "Americanize" them
*Located in the South side of Chicago
*JANE ADDAMS & Ellen Gates Starr founded Hull House
*Unusual for women to run businesses
*women did not have rights and were treated equally -
Captain of Industry Andrew Carnegie
*Andrwe carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel corporation in Pittsburgh where he dominated the Steel Industry
*Cities called them robber barons due to ruthless tactics they used to destroy competition & to keep their workers wages low
*Had iron ore fields, coal mines, & steel mills. he owned the start to finish to the production of steel(monopoly)
*Gospel of wealth, he was attacked because he didn't use his wealth to pay workers more
*Philanthropy-Giving away $350 to build libraries & endow Univ
* -
Pullman Strike
*Was nationwide in U.S
*American Railway against the pillman fac.
*12,000 U.S soldiers were sent into action in charge
*Federal gov. broke the ARUefforts to shut down the national transportation system
*American railway went against pullman company affected 27 states
*Violace, 30 strikes killed , 51 wounded
*property damage $80 million -
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Angel Island Ca-Immigration
*Angel island immigration station processed approx 1 million asain immigrants entering into the U.s leading to it sometimes being referred to as "The Ellis island of the WEst
*Many chinese immigrants spent years on the island waiting for entry
*restrictions caused by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 -
Period: to
Great Migration
*6 million African Americans from the rural South move to the citys up North, Mid West &West for jobs during WW1
*Push factor were unsatisfactory economies oppurtunities and harsg segregation laws and Jimcrow laws
*Pull factors for many African Americans familys , job openings and better lving conditions, they moved to Chicago, Detriot &Harlem, which caused Harlem renissance(the rebirth) for blacks to find better opportunity -
Americanization Day
*Americanization is the process in the U.s to assimilate into american society
*The americanization movement was a nationwide organized effort to being millions of recent immigrants into the american cultural system
*AKA Loyalty day- day set aside for the recognition of the heritage of American freedom, intended to replace "may day" which commemorates the 1886 Haymarket Massacre