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Harrison Land Law
enabled white settlers to acquire farms from the public domain on much easier terms than before -
Appointing of William Henry Harrison to Indiana Governor
Jefferson and Harrison offered the Native Americans a choice: they could convert themselves into settled farmers and assimilate–become a part of white society; or they could migrate to the west of the Mississippi
-They would have to give up their claims to tribal lands in the Northwest
-Jackson considered assimilation a benign alternative to continuing the conflict -
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British Impressment
the British navy was so horrible that many sailors deserted, many joining the American merchant marine or the American navy. The British claimed the right to stop and search American merchant ships and re-impress deserters
-Did not claim the right to take native born americans, they did claim the right to take naturalized Americans born on British soil - no real distinctions, impressed British deserters and native-born Americans alike -
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Neutrality and Napoleon's Continental System
Britain destroyed France’s navy during the Napoleonic Wars and so Napoleon decided to pressure Britain economically - Britain responded with a blockade of the European coast, any goods being shipped to Napoleon’s Europe be carried in either British vessels or in neutral vessels stopping at British ports
-The two policies stood contradictory to each other
-Americans caught in between - Britain and France violating America’s rights as a neutral nation -
Treaties
treaties had been extracted for rights to eastern Michigan, southern Indiana, and most of Illinois– white Americans in the Southwest were taking land in Georgia, Tennessee, and Mississippi -
Embargo
Congress decides to enact Embargo to prevent impressment, closes all exports and causes depression -
Leopold-Chesapeake Crisis
British ship of Leopard approaches Chesapeake frigate and opens fire, thus forcing American men onto Leopard, heightens tensions regarding disavowal of impressment (or forcing soldiers to British Navy) -
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Tecumseh
understood that only through united action could the tribes hope to resist the advance of white civilization– beginning in 1809, set out to unite the natives of the Mississippi Valley -
Macon's Bill No. 2
conditionally reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France - Napoleon announces that France would no longer interfere with American shipping and Madison says that an embargo against Great Britain would go into effect early 1811 unless Britain renounces its restrictions
-Britain does repeal its blockade but it is too late -
Non-Intercourse Act
replaces Embargo and opens up trade to all but Great Britain and France -
Florida
American settlers in West Florida seize Baton Rouge, which the government annexes -
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War Hawks
wanted war with Britain, were either ardent nationalists passionate about territorial expansion (Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) or men impassioned in their defense of Republican values -
Battle of Tippecanoe
Harrison camped near Prophetstown with 1k soldiers and attacked a battle when Tecumseh left, the whites suffered heavy losses but drove off the Natives and burned the town– disillusioned many of the Prophet’s followers, who believed his magic would protect him
-Tecumseh returned to find the confederacy in disarray -
Spring of 1812
warriors had reorganized from the burning of Prophetstown/Battle of Tippecanoe, and were raiding white settlements and terrifying white settlers -
Summer - Americans Invade Canada
American forces invaded Canada through Detroit but soon had to retreat and in August surrendered the fort at Detroit– Fort Dearborn fell to a Native attack -
Put-In-Bay
Americans took command of Lake Ontario, then raided and burned York/Toronto– then seized control of Lake Erie -
Battle of Thames
invasion of Canada by way of Detroit by William Henry Harrison. Tecumseh died– disheartened/weakened Natives of the Northwest and diminished their ability to defend their claims to the region -
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Andrew Jackson pursued the Creeks (supplied by the Spanish) who had been attacking white settlers near the border, and took revenge on them, slaughtered men, women, and children– broke the resistance, and they agreed to retreat westward -
The Burning of DC
British troops enter Washington D.C. and set fire to several public buildings, including the White House, in retaliation for the earlier American burning of the Canadian capital at York -
Battle of Plattsburg
Americans turn back a large British naval/land force and secure the northern border of the United States in northern New York -
Baltimore
British army/navy is outside Baltimore harbor which is blockaded by several boats sunk by the American garrison; Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner; British withdrew -
Pensacola
Jackson seizes the Spanish fort of Pensacola -
Treaty of Ghent
Americans gave up their demand for a British renunciation of impressment and for the cession of Canada to the US and the British abandoned their call for an Indian buffer state in the Northwest, all lands were returned to original holders -
Commercial Peace Treaty
gave Americans the right to trade freely with England and much of the British Empire -
Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson and his troops (Tennesseans, Kentuckians, Creoles, blacks, pirates, and regular troops) behind earthen troops fended off the British several weeks after the United States and Britain had already signed a peace treaty -
Rush-Bagot Agreement
mutual disarmament on the Great Lakes