Civil Rights

Civil Disobedience

1849

• Written by Henry David Thoreau.
• Argues that the government rarely proves itself useful and right and is dictated by the majority because they are a more powerful group.
• Says that people must do what they think is right instead of following the law made by the majority.

Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming

1865

• Landowners allows tenants to use their land in exchange of share of the crop produced on this land.
• After abolition of slavery landowners hadn´t free workers anymore.
• It was a way to reestablish the labor force once there were no slaves.

Black Codes

1865

• Laws with the purpose of restricting African-American's right of freedom and make them work for low wages or debt.
• Race was defined by blood for the application of the laws.
• The difference to Jim Craw laws was that black people had no right to be treated the same as white people.

13th Amendment

Jan 31, 1865

• Abolition of slavery in the United States.
• Abolished any kind of involuntary servitude.
• 119 votes in favor to 56 votes against the 13th Amendment, above the necessary two-thirds majority.
• Congress have the power to enforce this law.
• Exception for punishment for a crime.

14th Amendment

Jul 9, 1868

• All persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States.
• Equal protection (first section).
• Used in a lot of cases related to racial segregation.

15th Amendment

Feb 3, 1870

• The right of vote shall not be denied by the United States
• The congress has the power to enforce this law.
• No state can not deny a citizen vote on account of race, color or any previous servitude condition.

Jim Crow Laws

1876

• Laws that provided a legal basis for segregation and discrimination against African-Americans in states between 1876 and 1965.
• Jim Crow was a name of character who was a black slave,this name was also used to refer to black people.
• These laws are originated from the Black Code and existed most in the South.

Lynching

1877

• After abolition of slavery it was the way to reestablish the white supremacy and supress the black civil rights.
• More than 4,000 African-American were lynched.
• Racial terrorism with purpose to spread fear in the black community.
• The government turned the blind eye across the twenty states which this fact happend.

Plessy v Ferguson

Jun 7, 1892

• . Segregation of railroads denying African Americans to take a place at the same railroad as white persons

19th Amendment

Aug 18, 1920

• The right of vote can´t be denied on accont of sex.
• Center of the women´s rights movement.
• After 70 years of fight in favor of women´s right of vote the 19th Amendment was signed and broke the chains of women.

20th Amendment

Mar 2, 1932

• Changed the beggining and the end of terms for president and vice president from March 4 to January 20.
• Also changed the beggining and the end of terms for member of the Congress from March 4 to January 3.
• All procedures that shall have followed for political offices.

Hector P. García

1946

• Opened a medical practice to help veterans and migrants ofering low and no-cost treatment.
• Founded the American GI Forum to fight for educational and medical benefits.
• Also fought for the integration of black people in schools.

Desgregation

1948

• Started with the president Harry Truman ordering the integration of the armed forces after World War 2.
• Integration in schools was what the court spent more time trying to do.
• Court worked also in integration of people in all kinds of places.

Martin Luther King Jr.

1950

• The most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
• American Baptist minister.
• Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.

Brown v Board of Education

Sep 12, 1952

• Segregation of public schools based on the "separate but equal" doctrine wich denied African Americans to attend certain schools by their skin color.
• Violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S.
• Segregation in public spaces was held by the case Plessy v Ferguson.

Rosa Parks

Dec 1, 1955

• The first lady of civil rights.
• Helped Martin Luther King to free black people and assure their rights.
• Refused to give a seat to a white man in a bus, becoming an icon to the Civil Rights movement.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Dec 1, 1955

• Protest against segregated buses in Alabama.
• The first large-scale protest against segregation.
• Four days before Rosa Park's case.

Orville Faubus

1957

• Became a symbal of racial segregation.
• Gorvernor of Arkansas.
• Went against the desegregation order of a federal judge.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Sep 9, 1957

• Enforcement and protection of the civil rights for African-Americans and other minorities after a long time of protection laws without action.
• Laid the foundation for the enforcement by the civil right laws by creating the Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice.
• Created a Civil Rights Commission.

George Wallace

1960

• Governor of Alabama in the 60's.
• Remembered by hist segregationists politics.
• The National Guard intervened to assure integration in Alabama once that George was totally against it.

Nonviolent Protest

1960

• Methods of protests that are peaceful.
• An example is the African-Americans with the sit-in movement.
• A way to draw attention to a cause without violence.

Sit-in Movement

Feb 1, 1960

• Method created by Martin Luther King Jr..
• Strategy used by black people to protest peacefully by seating and waiting to be served at restaurants which refused to serve them.
• Help activists to win support all over the country and the world.

Affirmative Action

1961

• Procedures to eliminate unlawful discrimination.
• To ensure that the applicant is employed and treated the same as all employers, not regarding to their race, color or religion.
• To ensure change in the old habits of segregation by the employers and the future habits.

Cesar Chavez

1962

• Founded the National Farm Workers Association.
• As a Mexican-American he improved conditions to farm workers in California, Texas, Florida and Arizona.
• Using nonviolent methods protest, Chavez drew attention to his cause.

Betty Friedan

1963

• With her book she introduced a new kind of women, outside of their traditional role.
• Help to advance the women´s rights as a founder of the National Organization for Women.
• Pioneer of feminism and women rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964

• Ended segregation in public places.
• Banned employment discrimination based on race, skin color, religion, sex or national origin.
• Proposed by John F. Kennedy it survived the opposition of the southern states which were in favor of segregation.

Lester Maddox

1964

• Segregationist owner of a restaurant in Georgia.
• Refused to serve three black students at his restaurant.
• Became governor of the state three years later and tried to be president by the party of the segregationist governor of Alabama, but failed.

24th Amendment

Jan 23, 1964

• The right of vote shall not be denied by the United States or any state for failure to pay any kind of tax.
• The congress has the power to enforce this law.
• Right of vote just like the 15th and 19th Amendments.

Head Start

1965

• Provides childhood education, nutrition, health and parent involvement services to low-income children and families.
• To improve poor children capabilities in a educational and healthy way.
• Started just for a short period of time and then was extended by the Head Start Act of 1981. The program was reauthorized in 2007.

Upward Bound

1965

• To offer better opportunities for attending college for certain students.
• For low income families or students who parents did never attend in college.
• The program was launched in the summer of 1965 after the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.

Veteran Rights Act of 1965

1965

• Enforcement of the right of votes in the southern states after acts of violence and terrorism against the activists.
• After an attack by state troopers agaisnt a peaceful protest the president forced the accomplishment of the rights of vote in these states.
• It became the Voting Rights Act.

Thurgood Marshall

Oct 1, 1969

• The first African-American justice.
• Held that segregation in schools were a violation of the Equal Protection Cause.
• Was a judge for the Brown v Board case.

26th Amendment

1971

• Right of vote shall not be denied by the United States for those who are eighteen or older.
• Congress shall have power to enforce this law.
• About vote rights just like 15th, 19th and 24th Amendments.

Tittle IX (9)

1972

• Against discrimination based on sex.
• This law can be applied in programs or activities that receive Federal financial assistence.
• The Office for Civil Rights enforces the Title XI.