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1202
Fourth Crusade.
The Fourth Crusade was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem, by first defeating the powerful Egyptian Ayyubid Sultanate. -
1212
Children's Crusade
The Children's Crusade was a failed popular crusade by European Christians to establish a second Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Holy Land in the early 13th century. Some sources have narrowed the date to 1212 -
1215
Magna Carta
Magna Carta Libertatum, commonly called Magna Carta or sometimes Magna Charta, is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215 -
1217
Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin -
1227
Sixth Crusade
The Sixth Crusade, also known as the Crusade of Frederick II, was a military expedition to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. -
1248
Seventh Crusade.
The Seventh Crusade was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, it aimed to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Near East -
1250
Al-Muazzam Turanshah
Turanshah, also Turan Shah, was a Kurdish ruler of Egypt, a son of Sultan As-Salih Ayyub. A member of the Ayyubid Dynasty, he became Sultan of Egypt for a brief period in 1249–50 -
1260
Ayyubid ruler of Egypt
The Ayyubid dynasty came to power under the leadership of the Kurdish Zangid general Salah al-Din (r. 1169–93), known in Europe as Saladin -
1260
Ayyubid Dynasty rule in the country
Ayyubid dynasty, Sunni Muslim dynasty, founded by Saladin (Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn), that ruled in the late 12th and early 13th centuries over Egypt and what became Upper Iraq, most of Syria, and Yemen -
1270
Eighth Crusade
The Eighth Crusade was the second Crusade launched by Louis IX of France, this one against the Hafsid dynasty in Tunisia in 1270. It is also known as the Crusade of Louis IX Against Tunis or the Second Crusade of Louis. -
1353
The Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that occurred in Europe from 1346 to 1353. It was one of the most fatal pandemics in human history; as many as 50 million people perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. -
1392
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales is a collection of twenty-four stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. It is widely regarded as Chaucer's magnum opus. -
1553
Roman Catholicism restored in England by Queen Mary I
However, her commitment to restoring Catholicism in England led to significant religious upheaval during her reign. Soon after her accession to the throne, she aimed to reverse the Protestant reforms implemented by Edward and returned the country to the authority of the Pope. -
1582
Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian
The Gregorian calendar was adopted by much of Catholic Europe in 1582, as directed by Pope Gregory XIII in the papal bull Inter gravissimas, which was published in February of that year. -
Massachusetts Bay Colony
The Massachusetts Bay Colony, more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around the Massachusetts Bay, one of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay. -
Poor Richard's Almanack
Poor Richard's Almanack was a yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose. The publication appeared continually from 1732 to 1758. -
Publication of the Encyclopédie
Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, better known as Encyclopédie, was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It had many writers, known as the Encyclopédistes -
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
The French and Indian War was a conflict between Great Britain and France that took place in North America from 1754 to 1763 -
The Sugar Act
The Sugar Act 1764 or Sugar Act 1763, also known as the American Revenue Act 1764 or the American Duties Act, was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on 5 April 1764 -
The Stamp Act
The Stamp Act 1765, also known as the Duties in American Colonies Act 1765, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which imposed a direct tax on the British colonies in America and required -
The Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest on December 16, 1773, by the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts -
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
convened in Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between September 5 and October 26, 1774 -
Dec. of Independence
Declaration of the thirteen united States of America in both the engrossed version and the original printing, is the founding document of the United States -
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
the agreement made by the original 13 states in 1777 establishing a confederacy to be known as the United States of America -
CONTITUTIONAL CONVETION
met between May and September of 1787 to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under theArticles of Confederation -
Dual federalism
Dual federalism, also known as layer-cake federalism or divided sovereignty, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the federal government. -
Constitution
is an Act of the Parliament of England that set out certain basic civil rights and clarified who would be next to inherit the Crown -
ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
Passed in preparation for an anticipated war with France, the Alien and Sedition Acts tightened restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government. In 1798, the United States stood on the brink of war with France -
THE MARSHALL COURT
the Supreme Court of the United States from 1801 to 1835 -
Battle of Trafalgar
Nelson led his column of ships into battle aboard HMS Victory, and succeeded in cutting the line and causing the pell-mell battle he desired to break out. After several hours of fighting 17 French and Spanish ships had been captured and another destroyed, without the loss of a single British ship -
Native American Treatment
attacks and raids on Indians -
McCulloch v. Maryland
McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316, was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that defined the scope of the U.S. Congress's legislative power and how it relates to the powers of American state legislatures -
gibbons v ogden
was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, which is granted to the US Congress by the Commerce Clause of the US Constitution, encompasses the power to regulate navigation -
The reservation system
As white settlers pushed ever further westward across the American continent. -
Sioux Treaty
The history of Native Americans in North America dates back thousands of years. -
The Dawes Act
Most white Americans believed they could not live in peace with Native Americans, whom they regarded as “primitive.” -
The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee
Native American and had revealed to him a bountiful land of love and peace -
spanish american war
The Spanish-American War was a conflict between the United States and Spain that took place from April 21 to December 10, 1898. The war resulted in the United States becoming a world power and ending Spain's colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere -
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was a military conflict fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan from 1904 to 1905. The war was fought over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The war's major theaters of military operations were in the Liaodong Peninsula, Mukden, the Yellow Sea, and the Sea of Japan -
17th Amendment
The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the direct election of United States senators in each state. The amendment supersedes Article I, Section 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. -
the holocaust
The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million European Jews by the Nazi German regime and its allies and collaborators. The Holocaust was an evolving process that took place throughout Europe between 1933 and 1945 -
Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, in the United States, just before 8:00 a.m. on Sunday, December 7, 1941. At the time, the United States was a neutral country in World War II. -
cold war
was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 -
assassination of JFK
On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was assassinated while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas -
Freedom of Information Act
The Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552, is the United States federal freedom of information law that requires the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased or uncirculated information and documents controlled by the U.S. government upon request -
War Powers Resolution
is a federal law intended to check the U.S. president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The resolution was adopted in the form of a United States congressional joint resolution -
Iron triangle
In United States politics, the "iron triangle" comprises the policy-making relationship among the congressional committees, the bureaucracy, and interest groups, as described in 1981 by Gordon Adams. -
the 9/11 terrorist attacks
The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners scheduled to travel from the East Coast to California -
National Museum of American Indian
American Indian nations have always fought to defend themselves. -
Assimilation policies
the U.S. Army began exhuming the graves