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"A New and Complete System of Arithmetic"
Nicholas Pike wrote the New and Complete System of Arithmetic". It was the first book published for teaching math in the United States. -
1870's - 1899'a
Science curriculum was shaped by the Industrial Revolution. This shifted education from the agrarian society to a technical or industrial society.
Faculty at the Colleges and Universities required physics and chemistry for college admission. In 1872, Harvard required physics for admission. High School texts were abbreviated college texts.
Physics was most important.
Chemistry. Biology was added, composed of Botany, Zoology, and Physiology. Labs were introduced, but were usually dull and st -
Incidental Learning
The Progressive movement adovacated incidental learning. Let the students learn arithmetic when there was a chance. The students will learn it without systematic teaching. -
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
This organization is the major organization of math educators in the United States. The NCTM now has more than 80,000 members. The work of the NCTM and its leaders has been influential in influencing policy, writing text books, providing resources and professional development for teachers, and the writing of standards. (nctm.org) -
The Committee of Seven
This committee was a strong impact on the sequencing of the curriculum for years. They recommended to teach math according to the developmental age of the students. -
The Gestalt Theory
Focus on a plan program that wants the development of insight and the understanding of relationships, structures, patterns, interpretations, and principles. Learning goes toward meaning and understanding. The drill gets less importance and the understanding is more used for instruction. -
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Upgrading the teaching of science . Laid the foundation for next reasearch and reform in science. Modernization of science courses. -
College Level Courses for High Schoolers
The College Board create courrses for advanced high schoolrs: Chemistry, biology and physics. -
Jean Piaget: The Child's Conception of Number
Jean Piaget publishes
The Child's Conception of Number (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1952)
This classic of mathematical cognition is considered by many to be the beginning of developmental psychology as it relates to mathematics. It has been influential on math text books, math assessment, and the way we teach math. (http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/piaget.html) -
Sputnik 1/ Space Race
Launching of the Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union marks the start of the space age and a race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Lots of reforms where created because math and science where failing in the country. There is more enphasis on teaching the talented students. -
National Difense Education Act 1960's
United States was worried about "losing ground to Soviet science". For that reason they saw the need of having well- prepared high school students.
There was a goal for making people understand science knowledge, inquiry and institutions. -
New Math
After Sputnik one of the new reforms of the 1960' and the 1970's was the creation of "New Math". With an enphasis on set anguage, properties, proof and abstraction. Some say that this created confusion for the nation. -
Teaching the disadvantaged
After the 1950's space race and teaching more the talented, there was a concern in the 1960's about teaching those in disadvantage. There were efforts to equality of opportunity. -
Curriculum Development in k-12 Science
The NSF sponsored 20 innovative large scale curriculum development projects with early explosure to science to think and act like sceintists with hands on activites.
Interactive science classes.
Federal money for building labs for teaching students.
First effort to influence curriculum nationally. -
National Assessment of Education Progress
The first National Assessment of Education Progress tests in science and other areas. They do it at the state level i 1996. -
Existing Curriculum Evaluation
The results of an evaluation ot the curriculm from the 60's makes a lot of teachers go back to teach with text books, because the impact wasn't that big on science education. -
Back to Basics
After the confusion created by New Math, the "Back to Basics" trend appreared in 1970's and 1980's. The enphasis was arithmetic computation of memorization of algorithms and basic arithmetic facts. -
Freudenthal Institute for Science and Mathematics Education
The Freudenthal Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (FI), Utrecht University in the Netherlands, was founded in 1971.
The Fruedenthal Institute is an organization that has had increasing influence on textbook writers and math educators in the US. The Math in the City Project was started as a result of a collaboration between the FI and the City College of New York in 1995. (https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/education/mathematics_in_the_city) -
1980's US Economic Competitveness: A Nation at Risk
The National Commission for Excellence in Education, and other political and mathematicians leaders were concerned about the low expectations and discipline effort in education. Reagan talked about 20-year decline in k-12 and this will be harmful to the economy in the USA.
Creation of higher expectations on course content and graduation requirements.
More opportunities for students to learn science in Summer and after school. -
A Nation at Risk
A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform is the 1983 report of American President Ronald Reagan's National Commission on Excellence in Education. Its publication is considered a landmark event in modern American educational history. -
Science Education for Public Understanding Program
This program develops hands on activities, inquiry based curricula giving opportunity for students to study society issues lik pullution. -
NCTM Standards Creation
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics created the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. (NCTM Standards) stresses problem solving, communication, connections, and reasoning.“The study of mathematics should emphasize reasoning so that students can believe that mathematics makes sense”. -
Systemic Strategies 1990's
There was a common goal of offering students knowledge and skills across the core academic subjects.
Creation of a coordinated policy system with state and local decisions named Benchmarks for Sicencie Literacy and The National Scence Education Standards which were the guiding frameworks. -
"Before is Too Late"
The National Commission for Mathematics and Science teaching for the 21st Century was created. They talked about the need of bonuses and salary improvement need to exist to atract more people to teach science. -
NCTM Curriculum Focal Points
In 2006 NCTM published its Curriculum Focal Points
The Focal Points documents sought to provide clarity for teachers and curriculum writers about what are the most important topics of each grade. The writers of the Focal Points sought to quiet detractors by emphasizing the importance of using algorithms with understanding. The Focal Points are considered to have been highly influential on the Common Core State Standards (NCTM.org) -
Nationwide Science Testing
In this year the legislation decides for te first time to create a nationwide science test. -
Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)
"The National Research Council, the National Science Teachers Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Achieve were the lead partners in the two-part process to develop the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). -
References
National Research Council. (2007). Taking Science to School: Learning and Teaching Science in Grades K-8. http://www.kean.edu/~fosborne/E3230/E3230-03History.htm
http://www.pballew.net/mathbooks A.C. Burnis (2014). A Brief History of Mathematics Education and the NCTM Standards. Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/history-mathematics-education-NCTM/ http://hechingerreport.org/timeline-important-dates-in-u-s-science-education-history/