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Young Ladies Academy of Philadelphia
This academy was built by John Poor in 1787. It was the only female school in Philadelphia to be recognized by the state. Also, the 1st female education opportunity that was chartered in the United States. At this point in time, women were expected to be housekeepers, rather than placing focus on their academics. Davidson, B. (2022, February 21). Women's Education. Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved February 22, 2023, fromhttps://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/womens-education -
First African American U.S. Teacher
Susie King Taylor in 1862 escaped slavery and went to live in Georgia. During her time here she made history, by becoming the first African American teacher in the U.S. to freely educate her fellow African Americans. This was monumental in black and multicultural education history. Susie King taylor. American Battlefield Trust. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/susie-taylor -
Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment
This amendment was introduced and passed by the Senate in 1866, then ratified in 1868. It provided all citizenship and "equal protection under the laws," to anyone who was born in the U.S. This meant that any child living in the U.S. had the right to free public education, no matter their cultural background. Your right to equality in Education. American Civil Liberties Union. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.aclu.org/other/your-right-equality-education -
Carlisle Indian Industrial School
An institution designed by Richard Henry Pratt to civilize Native American Children. Students were sent to the school under false pretenses. The administration practiced horrifying corporal punishment by recreating students to be more like white Americans,unable to speak their native language and stripped of their culture. Richard Henry Pratt Carlisle Indian school. Carlisle Indian School Project. (2020, June 17). Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://carlisleindianschoolproject.com/past -
Chinese Exclusion Act
This act was passed by Congress in order to ban Chinese immigration into the U.S. This was an attempt to combat lowering wages and to maintain white "racial purity." This led to the mistreatment of citizens who were Chinese in the workplace and at school. National Archives and Records Administration. (n.d.). Chinese exclusion act (1882). National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/chinese-exclusion-act -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Prior to this case, Louisiana practiced "separate but equal" laws. This case showed the constitutionality of racial segregation. The case originated in a challenge to Louisiana's Separate Car Act(1890). Plessy refused to move cars for an African American and was arrested, thus beginning this case. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Plessy v. Ferguson. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Plessy-v-Ferguson-1896 -
Pfeiffer v. Board of Education
Conrad Pfeiffer took this case to the Michigan Supreme Court in an attempt of stopping the Board of Education from allowing daily Bible readings in Detroit public schools. This case was before the First Amendment and was the beginning of religious practices in public schools. Later led to the separation of church and state (1905) Vile, J. R. (n.d.). Pfeiffer v. Board of Education. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/671/pfeiffer-v-board-of-education -
Cumpulsory Education Laws
Starting with Massachusetts in 1852, by 1918 every U.S. state had passed attendance legislation that mandated all students ages 8 to 14 for part of the year. It also mandated that students have to have at least attended elementary school. This guaranteed the right to some education for students. Watson, S. (2008, February 13). How public schools work. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://people.howstuffworks.com/public-schools -
Mendez v. Westminister
Sylvia Mendez and her 2 brothers attempted to attend 17th Street School in 1943. Because the children had a "Mexican-sounding" last name and dark skin, the administration told them they must attend the school intended for "Mexicans." Judge Paul J. McCormick later ruled that this was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. Zonkel, P. (n.d.). Righting a wrong. About Us. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from http://sylviamendezinthemendezvswestminster.com/aboutus.html -
Delgado v. Bastrop Independent School
Minerva Delgado and many other parents of Mexican students filed the case against Bastrop for providing their children with segregated education. This was only a year after California ruled that there could be no segregation within a single race. Texas ruled that no Mexican student could be segregated in white schools. Muscato, C. (n.d.). Civil Rights Legislation in Texas Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/civil-rights-legislation-in-texas-outcomes-impact -
Brown v. Board of Education
In the Plessy v. Ferguson case, the "separate but equal" law was set. Brown v. Board overruled that and led to the end of educational racial segregation. This case arose due to African American students being denied access to public schools in Kansas. This laid major groundwork for the Civil Rights Act. History.com Editors. (n.d.). Brown v. Board of Education: Summary, Brown v. Board of Education. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.history.com/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
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Curriculum Development
Due to the rise of the Civil Rights Act(1964), the curriculum in schools across the U.S. began to incorporate diversity. Rather than strictly teaching white history, schools began incorporating events from African American and Native American history. Encyclopedia.com. (2023, February 23). ." u*x*l american decades. . encyclopedia.com. 14 Feb. 2023 . Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/culture-magazines/1960s-education-overview -
Ruby Bridges Hall
Ruby Bridges wall only 6 years old when she became the first African American student to integrate William Frantz Elementary School, in Louisiana. Southern schools were resistant to abandoning segregation, even after Brown v. Board. Ruby was the next step towards equal civil rights and the Civil Rights Act. Michals, D. (n.d.). Biography: Ruby bridges. National Women's History Museum. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ruby-bridges -
Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act, also known as Public Law 88-352 was the first legislation to completely prohibit discrimination of any form based on race, religion, sex, and nationality. This ended all practices of the Jim Crow Laws. This represented a new hope in schools and other public places. Legal highlight: The civil rights act of 1964. DOL. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/civil-rights-center/statutes/civil-rights-act-of-1964 -
Elementary and Second Education Act (ESEA)
The Elementary and Second Education Act showed a federal commitment to provide equal educational opportunities to U.S. students. The biggest goal of this act was to provide funding to more students and more centers/schools. It helped open and fund special education centers and general education schools and students. Every student succeeds act (ESSA). Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) | U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.ed.gov/essa -
The Watts Riots
This was a series of riots in the black community in Watts, Los Angeles. Lee Minikus was a white police officer in California and on August 11, 1965, he pulled over and arrested African American, Marquette Frye. The crowd joined in on this injustice and aggression escalated, until it broke out in rioting that led to injuries, damage, and deaths. Watts Rebellion - History. Watts Rebellion. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/watts-riots -
Bilingual Education Act (BEA)
U.S. schools that were attempting to educate ESL students, who spoke very little to no English were able to be federally funded under the Bilingual Education Act. This marked the point in history where the government first acknowledged the need for funding ESL programs and value foreign-speaking students. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2023, January 1). Bilingual education act. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bilingual-Education-Act -
Martin Luther King Jr. Assasination
During a visit to Tennessee for an upcoming march, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. He was shot by a racist man, James Earl Ray out of hate. His death led to civil unrest and riots across America. This was a challenge in multicultural education because he was a major advocate for tearing down educational segregation. Mourning the death of Martin Luther King Jr.(2020, February 3). Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/mourning-death-martin-luther-king-jr -
The Founder of Multicultural Education Comes to the College of Education
Referred to as the "father of multicultural education," Dr. James Banks was a major developer and advocate for multicultural education. He was the first black professor to work at the College of Education. Banks is known for his 5 dimensions of multicultural education: content integration, knowledge construction,prejudice reduction,equitable pedagogy,and empowering school culture.
Approaches to multicultural curriculum reform. (2006). Race, Culture, and Education,156–160. https://doi.org/10.4324 -
Diana v. California State Board
In 1970 the intellectual disability test for students was English based only. The words, the speech, the content, it was all English and American-centered. Diana was one of the students labeled intellectually disabled based on this test. Diana won the case against CA Board and obtained the intellectual disability test in students' primary language. Diana v. Ca State Board of Education. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://sites.google.com/diana-v-ca-state-board-of-education -
Title IX of the Educational Amendments
President Nixon signed Title IX which protects against sexual orientation, pregnancy, and gender identity discrimination in educational settings. It also protected against this is settings where the activity involved was receiving federal financial aid. This increased educational inclusiveness. The 14th amendment and the evolution of title IX. United States Courts. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities -
National Council for the Social Studies
The publishing of their 43rd book, "Teaching Ethnic Studies: Concepts and Strategies," NCSS aimed at educating its readers on cultural aspects and challenges people of other ethnicities have gone through. It heavily discussed/warned against educational racism and proposed several strategies to combat such problems and better incorporate culture into education.
NCSS Social Studies Standards. Social Studies. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://www.socialstudies.org/standards -
San Antonio v. Rodriquez
The Texas school districts were heavily funded by property taxes. However, Rodriquez spoke out against the inequality of resources that poor schools were receiving. Poor schools were lacking funding and being short. The Court ruled that the Constitution does not give a direct right to education and there is no entire equality under the Equal Protection Clause. {{meta.pagetitle}}. {{meta.siteName}}. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://www.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1332 -
Keyes v. School District no. 1
Despite the recent signing of legislation that shut down segregation in schools, the Park Hill school district in Denver was still struggling with forms of educational segregation. The case proved that the district was violating the Equal Protection Clause and therefore the court ruled that all Denver city schools must be desegregated. Keyes V. School Dist. no. 1, 413 U.S. 189 (1973). Justia Law. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/413/189 -
Lau v. Nichols
The school systems in San Francisco received a few thousand Chinese-speaking students, who spoke little to no English. Lau was one of many students who received no supplemental resources. The court ruled that this was a violation of the Civil Rights Act and California's Educational Code. This mandated such students be given an equal education. Summary of Lau V. Nichols - PBS. Beyond Brown. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://www-tc.pbs.org/beyondbrown/brownpdfs/launichols.pdf\ -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA)
President Gerald Ford signed this act into action so that country-wide, students with disabilities would receive a free and equal public education. The act placed emphasis on the individual, rather than their diagnosis. This led to more inclusion and higher diversity in public school systems. A history of the individuals with disabilities education act. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (2023, January 11). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History -
National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)
In May of 1977, the NCATE adjusted its standards to include aspects of multicultural education. These new Standards for Accreditation of Teacher Education represented a turning point in U.S. history where teachers were now required to learn how to implement and accommodate culture into their classrooms and curriculum. Gollnick, D. M. (1978, January 31). Multicultural education in teacher education: The state of the scene. ERIC. Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED206625 -
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Written by the UN Assembly,this was the best-covered and adopted treaty signed in U.S. history that protected children's rights who were under 18 years old.The treaty established "global standards to ensure the protection,survival,and development of all children,without discrimination."It was designed to protect children and was implemented into education.
Trending //. Human Rights Watch | Defending Human Rights Worldwide. (2023, February 23). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://www.hrw.or -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Previously known as the EHA, the IDEA got its name in 1990 during the reauthorization of this act. This act now would incorporate the right for students with disabilities to receive special education services necessary for preparing them to thrive in the public world. A history of the individuals with disabilities education act. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (2023, January 11). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History -
Terrorist Attacks of 9/11
The acts on 9/11 performed by suicidal Islamic terrorists. This led to significant rises in discrimination and cultural stereotypes. It put pressure on culturally diverse students in the classroom environment due to the fear and stereotypes that white Americans were putting out after these attacks. It took a long time before these stereotypes were broken. Teaching after 9/11 - ed. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1120230.pdf -
No Child Left Behind Act
President George W. Bush signed the NCLB Act into law at the beginning of 2002. This act ensured better resources and better, equal education for students K-12 across the U.S. This act included students of all cultures and backgrounds. The act stemmed off of the ESEA of 1965. Klein, A. (2020, December 7). No child left behind: An overview. Education Week. Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04 -
World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
UNESCO, in December of 2002, made World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development a declared celebration. This prompted for many schools including Moorpark College, The MLK Charter School of Excellence, Mark Twain Elementary, etc... This represented the first time that multicultural principles were being truly celebrated in schools.
Office Holidays Ltd.(n.d.).What day is being observed today?There is a Day for That!Retrieved February 23,2023,from https://www.thereisadayforthat.com -
New Jersey's Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act (ABR)
New Jersey in January of 2011 created anti-bullying laws that mandated teachers to look into, report, respond/act, and advocate for the prevention of bullying in educational systems. This meant that bullying in schools would lead to immediate punishment. Forms of harassment and intimidation were also added under bullying. LSNJLAW SM. New Jersey's Anti-Bullying Law. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23,2023, from https://www.lsnjlaw.org/legal-topics/school-learning/bullying/pages/anti-bullying-law-aspx -
Chicago Board Votes to Close 50 Schools
In May, Chicago School Board voted to close nearly 50 elementary schools. They said the closings were in order to provide a better, more modern education. However, the closings would only be more disruptive and traumatic to the students. Many would be separated amongst the schools that were voted to stay. Cable News Network. (2013, May 23). Chicago Board votes to close 50 schools.CNN. Retrieved February 23, 2023,from https://www.cnn.com/2013/05/22/us/illinois-chicago-school-closures/index.html
