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Ann Lee
The founder of the Shakers, Ann Lee, came to the US from England in 1774. -
Potatos brought to Ireland
The real date is 1600 but it looked funny.
Potatos were brought to Ireland in the 1600s from Peru. This is what they lived on because it was easy to grow on Irelands rock soil. -
Irish Suffer
In the 1800s the Irish suffered under the iron-fisted rule of Britain. Irish Catholics could not vote, hold office, buy or inherit land, go to school, or practice their faith. -
Democracy and Equality Pride in US
Democracy and equality became more of peoples pride in the mid-1800s. American writers and painters began to take more pride in their country. -
Groups of Immigrants That Came to US
The main immigrants groups in the mid-1800s were the British, Irish, Germans, and the Scandinavians (people from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway). They usually came in steerage, the lowest deck on a ship. -
Immigrants
The millions of immigants who arrived on these shores changed the US forvever in the 1800s. These newcomers would enrich the country with their cultures and their labor. -
German Influence on the US
By their numbers the group that probably had the greatest influence on American culture was the Germans, the largest immigrat group in the 1800s. Most arrived in the US with good skills as farmers or artisans. -
American Children Education
In the early 1800s, few Americans children were able to get a good education. During the the 1830s Americans began to demand change. Massachusetts set up a state board of education. -
Heavy Drinking in America
Heavy drinking was common and widely accepted inthe US in the early 1800s. -
Women's Rights
In the 1800s women did not have that many legal rights or political rights. They could not vote, sit on juries, or hold public offices. -
Cane Ridge
IN 1801 Cane Ridge, Kentucky, people were meeting in a wood clearing to particitpat in a faith in God. -
Washington Irving
Washington Irving first became popular in the 1809 when he wrote a spoof of New York history and politics know as A History of New York . . . by Diedrich Knickerbocker. -
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Early on September 16, 1810 a protest breaks out wanting the land the Spanish took back. Father Miguel Hidalgo was the person who gathered everybody. He ask, "Will you make the effort to get back from the hatd Spaniards the land stolen from your forefathers three centuries ago?" -
The Second Bank of the US.
The oringnal Bank of the US had been Alexander Hamilton's idea. He had convinced Congress to charter the bank in 1791 for 21 years. After the War of 1812, the country's finces were a mess. Once again, Congress chartered a mational bank, the Second Bank of the US. -
Tariffs Rise
Tariffs (a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports) had risen steadly sence 1816. -
Cherokee's Choice
Since the War of 1812, the government had been encouraging Indians to move west of te Mississippi River. Working for the government in 1817, Jackson had offered each Cherokee a choice. They could settle on 640 acres of land or adopt the white peoples' wayy of life. -
Thomas H. Gallaudet
In 1817 Thomas H. Gallaudet started the first American school for deaf children. -
Oregon Country
Since the 1790s both the British and the US had claimed the Oregon Country. IN 1818 they had agreed to occupy the region together. -
Capitol is Rebuilt
In 1819 Senators and Representatives gathered in Washington. D.C.. For five years they had been unable to meet in the Capitol becasue the British had burned it in the War of 1812. -
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Congress passed Clay's plan known as the Missouri Compromise of 1820. It kept the balance of power in Congress between slave states and free states. It also called slavery banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36* 30', Missouri's southern border. -
Hudson's Bay Company of Canada
By the 1820s the Hudson's Bay Company of Canada had the region firmly in its contror. Managing the company's fur-trading usiness in the Pacific Northwest was Jogn McLoughlin. He was a fair and frim ruller of the territory. -
Harriet Tubman Life Span
Harriet Tubman lived from about 1820? to 1913. -
Tejano Ranchers
In 1821 Texas had about 4,000 Tejanos, or Mexicans living in Texas. Tejano reanchers had grown rich by rounding up wild cattle and killing them for their hides. -
Stephen Austin
Stephen Austin fulfilled his fathers dream to keep Illiganl Americans and Indians from settling on the Spanishes land. In 1821 Stephen Austin lad the first group of Americans to the Austin grant. -
First High School
Boston set up the first public high school in 1821. Ohter norhtern cities soon followed its example. Some states founded universities and provided them with public funds. -
Mexico's Independence
In 1821, Agustin de Iturbide took over. He had so much support from the Mexican people that Spain had to give in. As of June 30, 1821, Mexico was independent. Iturbide made himself emperor. -
St. Louis
In 1822 St. Louis was rough young settlement on the edge of the frontier. It was a place for stronge men that fur traped. In February 1822 a small advertisement appeared in the St. Louis paper: "The subscriber wishes to hire 100 men, to ascend the river Missiouri to its source, there to be employed for one, two, or three years." -
Jedediah Smith
IN the fall of 1823 Smith led a party of hunters to western Wyomin. In the winter he and his men tried to go over the Teton Mountian but couldn't make it so they returned. -
The Natty Bumppo Books
The Natty Bumppo books were published between 1823-1841. -
Jedediah Smith
In the fall of 1823 Jedediah Smith led a party of hunters to western Wyoming. In the winter he tried to take his men over the Teton Mountians, but couldn't so he had to reture. -
Election of 1824
In the Election of 1824 Jefferson was very worryed because a lot of people that he did not like were up for election. -
Shulush Homa
To be civilized also means to be himane, ethical, and reasonable. Shulush Homa, a Choctaw chief had this in mind in 1824. -
Conestoga Wagons
In 1824 William Becknell became the first western trader to carry his goods in Conestoga Wagons. -
Thomas Cole
In the mid-1800s Americans artists began to paint landscapes. Their work reflectected the their pride in American's natural beauty. Around 1825 Thomas Cole began painting landscapes in a simple, direct style. -
John Russwurm
One of the first black college graduates was John Russwurm, who finished his studies at Bowdoin College in Maine in 1826. -
Cherokee Rebublic
In 1827 the Cherokee went even further to satisfy the white people. They adopted a constitution, based on the US Constitution, for a Cherokee Rebublic. -
Isabella Baumfree
Isabella Baumfree was born a slave. She then became free in 1827 when New York abolished slavery. -
The Election of 1828
The Election of 1828 was a rematch between Jackson and Adams. Democrats thought this would be a time to show off their power if Jackson won. Jackson did win in 1828 in a landslide win. -
Jedediah Smith Journey to Fort Vancouver
In 1827 Jedediah Smith lead his men to California. Some Mexicans were suspicious of him so they put him in jail for spying. In 1828 he was released, so he headed north along the coast of California toward Oregon. Some of his men were killed by Umpqua Indians. Smith and some others finally made it to Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River. -
Mexico Ended Slavery
Mexico's government ended slavery in 1829, which made the Anglo-Americans unhappy. -
Jackson's Inauguration
On March 4, 1829, Washington, D.C., was full of excitement. Jackson was to be sworn in as President. -
Indian Removal Act
Although religious and political groups protested, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. It called for all Indians east of the Mississippi to move to public lands west of the Mississipp. The area had less rain and fewer trees than the Southeast and was seen by many as worthless. -
Relocation of Indians
During the 1830s, the US government forced most Eastern Indians onto reservations in the Imdian Territory. A few were relocated to other lands west of the Mississippi. -
Rough Postions for US
US in a rough postions in the 1830s. -
Limiting the Sale of Public Land
In 1830 northerners called for limiting the sale of public land. Westerners protested. Here was the chance for which the South had waited! -
Senator Daniel Webster
This painting of Senator Daniel Webster debating Sentator Robert Hayne in 1830. -
Jackson's Decision
They learned how Jackson felt at Jefferson's Birthday Dinner in 1830. Hayne and Calhoun were invited. Hayne gave a speech about the Kentucky and Virginia Resolution of 1798-1799. After the speech Jackson gave a toast saying "Our Federal Union----it must be reserved." Calhoun gave the second toast saying, "The Union---nest to our liberty, the most dear." -
Democratic
The "Democratic-Republicans" in the 1830s became simple known as the "Democratic." -
Election Changes
In the 1830s and 1840s laws were changed to allow voters to choose the governer in a direct election. Up until the 1830s each political party chose its presidential and vice-president candidates in a closed caucus--a meeting of imoortant party members. -
Mexico Close Texas to Anglo-American
In 1830 Mexico closed Texas to Anglo-American settlers and banned the introduction of more slaves. -
Trying to Help the Economy
In the late 1830s Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster argued that the government needed to help the economy throught the difficalt times. President Van Buren disagreed. He believed that the economy would improve if left alone. -
Penny Newspapers
In the 1830s cheaper newsprint and invention of the price of newspapers to penny. These "penny papers" made news available to the average American. By 1833 there were three times as many newspapers in the US as in England. -
Perkins School for the Blind
In the 1830s Samuel G. Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, in Boston. -
Texas Population
By 1830 the population in Texas had grown to about 30,000. Anglo-Americans (English-speaking Americans) outnumbered Tejanos six to one. -
No Schools for Slaves
In slave states there were no schools for the children of slaves. Teaching a slave to read had been illegal since Nat Turner's Rebellion in 1831. -
Alexis de Tocqueville
In 1831 Alexis de Tocqueville came to the US. He was impressed by the Americans deep faith in their democracy. -
William Lloyd Garrison
In Boston, William Lloyd Garrison started his own paper in 1831 to urge the abolition of slavery. -
Ruled for the Cherokee
In 1832 Cheif Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of the Chreokee. He declared that Geogria had no right to force the Cherokee to relocate, or move. Under the Constitution, President Jackson should have obeyed the Supreme Court decision. Instead he chose to ignore it. -
Black Hawk War
In the 1832 a Sauk chief named Black Hawk tried to lead his poeple back in their homes. The US Army and Illinois militia quickly crushed the uprising. Black Hawk War was the last Indian was inthe Midwest. -
Tariff Lowers
Jackson understood the South's dislike of high tariffs. He suggested that the tariff be lowered. In 1832 Congress did so. -
Election of 1832
The back veto became a main issue in the election of 1832. Jackson won the eletion. He took this as a sign that the public appoved of his war on the Bank. -
National Conventions
But in 1831 and 1832 the major parties held some national conventions to choose candidates. -
Sam Houston Moves to Texas
In 1832 Sam Houston moved to Texas to practice law. -
Trying to Renew the Bank Charter
In 1832 Congress voted to renew the charter of the bank. Jackson was sick in bed when he heard the news. "The Bank is trying to kill me," Jackson said, "but I will kill it." Jackson wrote a powerful veto message. In it he said the bank was a monopoly that favored the few at the expense of many. -
Compromise on Tarffi
Henry Claysuggested that tarffis be lowered over a 10 year period. Congress passed a compromise tarffi in 1833 and South Carolina stayed in the Union. -
Mexico Gave Indians Land
In 1833 the Mexican Congress ordered the mission to turn over half their lands to the Indians. -
First White People Move Toward Oregon
The first white migrants to cross the countinent to Oregon were Methodist missionaries. Many came because of the 1833 articalthat appeared in the Methodist newspaper. The story told of a group of Nez Perce Indians who made a special trip to St. Louis. -
John Sutter
In 1834 John Sutter was a bankrupt shopkeeper from Switzerland. He set out to American to have a better life. He did a lot of things but they did not work. So he went to California in 1838. -
Santa Anna
By 1834 Santa Anna had become Mexico's dictator. He ruled without any regard to law or people's rights. -
Osceola
In 1835 the Seminole Indians refused to leave their lands in Florida. A younge chief named Osceola declared that they would stay tell the last Seminole died. -
Jackson Removes Government Money From Bank
The bank's charter did not run out until 1836, but Jackson wanted to starve it to death in the meantime. He ordered all government money withdrawn from the bank. -
Texas Asked To Join the Union
In 1836 Texas asked the US Congres to be annexed, or added, to the Union. Many Northern States disagreed becasue they would be out numbered by slave states. -
1836 Election
Martin Van Buren, a Jacksonian Democrat, wa elected President in 1836. After he took office , the puff-up economy collapsed. A panic--an economic crisis--spread throughout the country. -
Factory Girls' Association
By the 1830s American workers had begun to organise. The young women who worked the mills in Loell, Massachusetts, started a group called the Factory Girls' Association. In 1836 the mill owners raised the rent of the boarding houses where these women lived. So a lot of women went on Strike. -
Wesleyan College
Wesleyan College, the first women's college, opened in Geogria in 1836. -
Battle of the Alamo
On February 23, 1836, Santa Anna and his troops attacked San Antonio. Santa Anna flew the red banner--the sign that no mercy would be shown, no prisoners taken. This was the Battle of the Alamo. -
Battle of San Jacinto
On April 21, 1836 Santa Anna's force had camped near the San Jacinto River, which flowed into Galveston Bay. Santa Anna thought Houston would attack at dawn but it never came and the force relaxed. Houston attacked later and surprised them. This was Battle of San Jacinto. -
Texas Became it Own Country
In September 1836 Texans raised a flag with a single star. They adopted a nickname, "Lone Star Republic" and proclaimed Texas a self-governing country. San Huoston became the first President. -
Osceola Capture
In 1837 an American general called a truce to discuss peace with Osceola. During the meeting, the chief and his men were put in chains. Osceola was taken to prison where he died. Seminole fought for seven years until almost wiped out. Some then when to the Swamps in the Everglades and others were forced to move west. -
The Panic of 1837
The collapse of the nation's money system caused the Panic of 1837. The Panic of 1837 was one of the first depression in American history. A deoression is a period of deep economic hardship. -
Blaming Van Buren
Many Americans blamed Van Buren for the Panic of 1837, though he had taken office only weeks before it started. -
Panic of 1837
The drpression caused by the Panic of 1837 caused the younge labor movement to crumble. They were trying to get less hours and a better pay. -
Factories Close
Because people had no money, manufacturers no longer had customers for their goods. Almost 90% of the nation's factories closed fown in 1837. -
Ralph Waldo Emerson Speech
In a 1837 speech, Ralph Waldo Emerson urged American students to go away from their European roots and devlop thier own way of thinking. -
Tsali
Not all Cherokee moved west by 1838. That fall, soldiers had rounded up a farmer named Tsali, his family, and his friends. The soldiers poked Tsali's wife with bayonet to make her walk faster. He exploded with anger and killed a soldier. They then fled to the Rocky Mountains. -
Groups Gather Againts Slavery
By 1840 more than 2,000 groups that did not want slavery were all over the North. -
Antislavery Groups Meet
Leaders in antislavery groups gathered in London, England. -
The Whigs Choose a Perosn to Run for President
Opponents of Jackson and Van Buren had formed a politcal party called the Whigs. In 1840 the Whigs chose William Henry Harrison of Ohio to run for President and John Tyler of Virginia to run for Vice President. Harrison had led the army that defeated the Indians at Tippecanoe in 1811. He had also fought bravely in the War of 1812. -
Harrison as President
In the election of 1840, image was much more important than issues. Harrison was the son of a Viginia plantation owner. However, becasue he had settled on a farm in Ohio, the Whigs said Harrison was a true westerner. They used symbols of the frontier to represent Harrison. Harrison won as President. Frist elected President of the Whigs. He was also became the first President to die in office. Harrison died of pneumonia only one month after taking office. -
Womens Roles in Churches
One effect of the Second Great Awanking is that women started to take more active roles in Church. By the 1830s and 1840s women were often leaders in the efforts to reform other parts of society. -
Some Help With Labor Laws
The early labor movement achieved a few of its goals. Some health and safety laws to protecr workers were passed. In 1840 President Van Buren out in place a 10 hour for all public workers. By the 1850s private employers were following the goverment's example. -
Shaker Membership
Membership from the Shakers reached its peak in the mid-1840s wiht about 6,000 members. -
Ralph Waldo Emerson
By the 1840s Americans students were taking pride in there the US culture. A movement was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson to creat a reflection on a unique American philosophy and style. -
1841 Census
The census of 1841 reported that half the rural people lived in one-room, windowless, mud cabins. There was almost no funiture. -
Dorothea Dix
In 1841 Dorothea Dix, daughter of a wealthy Boston family, was teaching Sunday School at a women's pricon. She discovered a group of insane women being kept in an unheated part of the prison. -
Sequoya
Sequoya lived from 1770-1843. -
Oregon Trail
The trickle of emigrants--people who leave one place for another-- turned into a flood starting in 1843. To reach Oregon the emigrants traveled along the Oregon Trail. -
Alcohol Pledges
They urged people to sign pledges promising never to drink alcohol. By 1843 some 500,000 pledges had been signed. -
Brigham Young as Leader of Mormon
Resentment turned to murder in 1844. An anti-Mormon mob in Illinois killed Joseph Smith. The next Mormon leader was Brigham Young. He decided to move his flock out of the US. -
Henry Clay
In 1844 Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, was running for President. -
James K. Polk
In the 1844 Election James K. Polk of Tennessee won the elections -
Potato Crop was Diseased and Immigration
In 1845 disease attacked the potato crop. Famine and death came to Ireland. The Irish had already started to emigrate to America, but their numbers ballooned after the potato crop was destoryed. By 1854 some 1.25 million Irish had emigrated. Their journey was often paid for by relatives who had left Ireland earlier. -
Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau was an American original thinker in the mid-1800s. In 1845 Thoreau moved to a cabin on the wooded shores of Walden Pond near Concord, Massachusetts. After living therer for 2 years, he writor what saw and about his life. These writings were put in a book called Walden, which was published in 1854. -
Oregon Trail -- Emigrants' Guide
As f 1845, the travelers on the Oregon Trail had a guidebook to follow, The Emigrants' Guide explained everything. The Biggest expense was getting strong covered wagon and the animals to pull it. -
Texas is Added to US
After the Polk's election, Congress quickly voted to add Texas. When Texas was add to the US in December 1845, a lot of tension between Mexico. Texas also decarded that its southern border was Rio Grande. -
Stephen Kearny
By fall of 1846, Stephen Kearny's troops joined the Americans rebelling against Mexican rule. By 1847 American control of California was unchallenged. -
The 49th Parallel
The 49th Parallel was already the border between Canada and the US from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains. The agreement of 1846 extended this line of latitude west to the Pacific Ocean. (Today the line still seperats the US and Canada. -
New Mexican Power
In January 1846 a new Mexican government came to power. It claimed that Mexican territory extended as far as the Sabine River. -
Banning the Sale of Liquor
Maine passed a low banning the sale of liquor in 1846, and 12 other states soon followed. Many people opposed these laws and most of them were repealed. -
Mexican War
Congress reacted to Mexicons new decition about their borders by declaring war on Mexico in May 1846. This was the Mexican War. -
Levi Strauss
The German immigrants also included a number of German Jews. Many of them moved weat, becoming peddlers and store keepers in the frountier. One of the most famous of these was Levi Strauss, who came to the US in 1847. He opened a business in San Francisco. He was the first to make blue denim work pants. -
Mormons
In 1847 a different kind of wagon train set out on the Oregon Trial. Led by Brigham Young, this was a party of Mormons in search of a new home. -
US Invades Mexico
US froces invaded Mexico from two directions. General Taylor moved south from Texas, defeating Santa Anna's troops at Buena Vista in February 1847. -
Mexico City Defeated
Mexico City was defeated in September 1847 by General Winfield Scott's troops. -
James Marshall
In January 1848 James Marshall was building a sawmill for John Sutter on California's American River. -
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
African Americans started to push for equal rights. So in 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a meeting at Seneca Falls, New York. -
The Mexican War Ended
The Mexican War ended with the Treaty of Gaudalupe Hidalgo in 1848. In the treaty Mexico agreed to accept the Rio Grande as its northern boundary. It also recognized the Texas was part of the US. -
The California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush was in 1849. It happened because John Sutter found gold in his mill. -
Irish Population in America
Once in America the Irish stayed in the great port cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. By 1850 the population of these cities were 1/4 Irish. By 1900 there were more Irish in America than in Ireland. -
Irish Catholics
The church was also a powerful force in Irish neighborhoods. Almost all the Irish immigrants of the 1850s were Catholics. -
California Ready to be a State
By 1850 California was ready to become its own state. -
Know-Nothing Party
In the 1850s nativists organiced a political party, known as the Know-Nothing Party. Its aim was to limit the power of the immigrant Irish. -
Herman Melville and Walt Whitman
Picture of Walt Whitman
Herman Melville and Walt Whitman, were two big writers in the 1850s. They were New Yorkers. Melville used his experience as a sailor in his books. He wrote Moby-Dick, which was punblished in 1851. -
"Waterpower, Steam Power, and Irish Power"
These newcomers were often paid less than a dollar a day. "Waterpower, steam power, and Irish power." ran the US, a newspaper declared in 1850. -
Elementary Schools in States
By 1850 many northern states had elementary schools paid for by public taxes. -
Chinese in California
People from all over the world, especially China, came to California. By the end of 1851 one of every ten Californians was Chinese. -
Population In California Rising
Between 1849 and 1852, about 250,000 people arrived in California. It was the largest migration in American history. -
Gadsden Purchase
In 1853 Mexico sold the US a strip of land across what is now southern New Mexico and Arizona for $10 million. It was called the Gadsden Purchase. -
The Republican Party
The Republican Party of today was formed in 1854 to oppose (disapprove of and attempt to prevent) slavery. Republicans, started with Abraham Lincoln, dominated politics until well into the 1900s. -
Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony worked for laws that would give married women rights to their own property and wages. New York passed the first such laws in 1860. -
Indian Population in California
By 1870 the California Indian population had fallen from 150,000 to 30,000. -
Susan B. Anthony Tries to Vote
Susan B. Anthony tried to vote in the presidential election of 1872, but she got arrested and fined. -
Levi Strauss Jean Company
Levi Strauss wanted to make California miners clothes that would last. He began making blue jeans and jackets in 1874. Today the company is one of the world's largest clothing manifaturers. -
Higher Education for Women
For most women higher education remained out of reach until the 1880s.
