Unit #3 Westward Expansion & Industralization

Indian Removal

1830

1. A policy of the United States government where by Native Americans were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River (Indian Territory).
2. Indian removal was a consequence of actions first by European settlers to North America in the colonial period.
3. The Indian Removal Act was the key law that forced the removal of the Indians, and was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson in 1830.

Manifest Destiny

1840

1. Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion.
2. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico.
3. It expressed the belief that it was Anglo-Saxon Americans’ providential mission to expand their civilization and institutions across the breadth of North America.

Nativism

1844

1. Nativism, in general, refers to a policy or belief that protects or favors the interest of the native population of a country over the interests of immigrants.
2. In the United States, nativism has a long history. The term was first used by 1844, according to the Oxford English Dictionary 1844.
3. The United States became home to many immigrants from Latin America; consequently U.A, and among others, imposed stricter immigration laws and controls on migrant labor.

Homestead Act

1862

1. Western migration paid small money $10 to buy for land available to settle (160 acres).
2. Homestead Act was required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.
3. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862.

Urbanization

1870

1. In the urbanization have availability of jobs in the cities, and higher pay, farmers moved to the cities looking for work.
2. In 1820 only 7 percent of Americans lived in cities. Within 30 years, the percentage more than doubled.
3. This the number of houses and buildings within cities greatly increased, and led to some appalling living conditions.

Industrialization

1870

1. The value of good produced by American industry increased almost tenfold between 1870 and 1916.
2. by the end of the war, the typical American industry was small. Hand labour remained widespread, limiting the production capacity of industry.
3. After the Civil War, however, American industry changed dramatically. Machines replaced labour as the main means of manufacturing, increasing the production capacity of industry tremendously

The Gilded Age

1873

1. The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially for skilled workers, the period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants.
2. It was derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding.
3. It is easy to caricature the Gilded Age as an era of corruption, conspicuous consumption, and unfettered capitalism.

Third Parties Politics

1876

1. In electoral politics, a third party is any party contending for votes that failed to outpoll either of its two strongest rivals.
2. In the United States of America, there have been numerous "third parties". The largest since the mid-20th century are the Libertarian and Green Parties.
3. Third parties, serve an important function in the American political system. They often spotlight issues that are important to members of the public but unaddressed by the two major parties.

Susan B. Anthony

1878

1. She was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.
2. In 1856, she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society.
3. In 1878, Anthony and Stanton arranged for Congress to be presented with an amendment giving women the right to vote, it became the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.

Civil Service Reform

1883

1. Civil Service Reform is a United States federal law, enacted in 1883, created the United States Civil Service Commission.
2. Which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation.
3. It eventually placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system."

Haymarket Riot

1886

1. Haymarket Riot was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago.
2. A peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day and in reaction to the killing of several workers the previous day by the police.
3. The Haymarket Riot was viewed a setback for the organized labor movement in America.

Dawes Act

1887

1. Federal law that attempted to break up reservation. Wanted Indians to assimilate into white culture.
2. Authorized the President of U.S. to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
3. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately would be granted U.S. citizenship

Suffrage

1888

1. The women’s suffrage movement (aka woman suffrage) was the struggle for the right of women to vote and run for office and is part of the overall women’s rights movement.
2. In the mid-19th century, women in several countries—most notably, the U.S. and Britain—formed organizations to fight for suffrage.
3. In 1888, the first international women’s rights organization formed, the International Council of Women (ICW).

Jane Addams

1889

1. She known as the "mother" of social work, a pioneer settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace.
2. In 1889, Addams and her college friend and paramour Ellen Gates Starr co-founded Chicago's Hull House that would later become known as one of the most famous settlement houses in America.
3. In 193, she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Populism & Progressivism

1890

1. Populism was in the late 19th century by the farmers about change in economic system.
2. Progressivism was started at the beginning of the 20th century by the middle class about the changing in the political system.
3. In the early 1890s, farmers, laborers, and middle class activists founded a political party named the People's Party, also known as the Populist Party.

Muckraker

1890

1. The term muckraker was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform-minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt.
2. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era period, 1890s–1920s.
3. The main goal of the Muckrakers was to raise awareness of social injustices, inequality, corruption and the abuse of political power in order to bring about reform.

Eugene V. Debs

1894

1. He was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World.
2. Through five time his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
3. Debs organized the American Railway Union, which waged a strike against the Pullman Company of Chicago in 1894.

Klondike Gold Rush

1896

1. The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899.
2. Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, 1896, and, when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of prospectors.
3. Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain because it is difficult to find.

Initiative & Referendum

1898

1. The powers reserved to enable the voters, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office.
2. It allow citizens of many U.S. states to place new legislation on a popular ballot, or to place legislation that has recently been passed by a legislature on a ballot for a popular vote.
3. The first state to adopt the initiative was South Dakota in 1898.

Andrew Carnegie

1899

1. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century.
2. In the 1889, he owned Carnegie Steel Corporation, the largest of its kind in the world.
3. He became a leading philanthropist. After he die, he gave away about $350 million to charities, foundations, and universities—almost 90% of his fortune.

Theodore Roosevelt

1901

1. He served as the 26th President of the United States. he also was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, and naturalist.
2. He was a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century.
3. Theodore Roosevelt was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He resigned in 1898 to organize the Rough Riders, the first voluntary cavalry in the Spanish-American War.

Upton Sinclair

1906

1.He was an American writer who wrote nearly one hundred books and other works in several genres.
2. In 1906, his novel The Jungle exposed labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, and it is led to new federal food safety laws.
3. In 1914, Sinclair helped organize demonstrations in New York City against Rockefeller at the Standard Oil offices.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906

1. The original Pure Food and Drugs Act was passed by Congress in 1906 and signed by President Theodore Roosevelt.
2. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by Congress.
3. For preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and for other purposes.

Ida B. Wells

1909

1. She was an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, feminist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
2. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
3. Wells led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s.

Dollar Diplomacy

1909

1. From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox followed a foreign policy characterized as “dollar diplomacy.”
2. Knox felt that not only was the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas.
3. Its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.

William Jennings Bryan

1912

1. He was an American orator and politician from Nebraska.
2. After the Democrats won the presidency in the 1912 election, Wilson rewarded Bryan's support with the important cabinet position of Secretary of State.
3. He starred at the 1896 Democratic convention with his Cross of Gold speech that favored free silver.

Federal Reserve Act

1913

1. The 1913 Federal Reserve Act was a U.S. legislation that created the current Federal Reserve System.
2. The Federal Reserve Act intended to establish a form of economic stability in the United States through the introduction of the Central Bank, which would be in charge of monetary policy.
3. The Federal Reserve Act is perhaps one of the most influential laws concerning the U.S. financial system.

16th Amendment

Mar 2, 1913

1. Passed by Congress on July 2, 1909, and ratified February 3, 1913.
2. A tax is money that is paid to the government and will be added when buying or owning something valuable (keep an army, build roads and bridges)
3. United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census.

17th Amendment

Apr 8, 1913

1. Passed by Congress May 13, 1912, and ratified April 8, 1913, the 17th amendment modified Article I, section 3, of the Constitution
2. But prior to the 17th Amendment, the Senate was infamously known as 'the millionaires' club'. The 17th Amendment of the Constitution tried to solve this problem.
3. The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states.

18th Amendment

1919

1. This amendment took effect in 1919 and was a huge failure, the only amendment to be repealed from the constitution.
2. This unpopular amendment banned the sale and drinking of alcohol in the United States.
3. Not only did regular people find other ways to drink alcohol, criminals made a lot of money selling alcohol to those people, that is why this amendment came out.

Immigration & the American Dream

1920

1. In the 1920s, the American Dream started morphing from the right to create a better life to the desire to acquire material things.
2. Through home ownership and entrepreneurship, immigrants have helped to grow the U.S. economy and improve the economic condition of their communities and families.
3. but immigrants continue to face barriers to higher education, which facilitates good employment.

19th Amendment

1920

1. The 19th amendment is a very important amendment to the constitution as it gave women the right to vote in 1920.
2. The movement to allow women the right to vote through the 19th amendment was the Suffrage movement, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who were key figures in the Suffrage movement.
3. The 19th amendment changed this by making it illegal for any citizen, regardless of gender, to be denied the right to vote.

Teapot Dome Scandal

1921

1. The Teapot Dome Scandal was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding.
2. Before the Watergate scandal, Teapot Dome was regarded as the "greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics".
3. The scandal damaged the public reputation of the Harding administration, which was already severely diminished by its controversial handling of the Great Railroad Strike of 1922.

Clarence Darrow

1925

1. Clarence Seward Darrow was an American lawyer, a leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, and a prominent advocate for Georgist economic reform.
2. After World War I, Darrow defended several war protesters charged with violating state sedition laws.
3. In the Sweet case (1925–26), he won acquittal for a black family that had fought against a mob trying to expel it from its residence in a white neighborhood in Detroit, this is a most of his lawsuit.

Political Machines

1970

1. the rapid growth cities in the 19th century, a result created huge problems for city governments, Political Machines is help immigrant groups, by performing such favours as providing jobs or housing.
2. In some areas, political machines, such as Chicago's Democratic Party organization, continued to be important into the 1970s.
3. Local political party organization capable of mobilizing or "manufacturing" large numbers of votes on behalf of candidates for political office.